Transcript 슬라이드 1 - Catalyst

FAST FACTS: ENDANGERED SPECIES A SPECIES CONSIDERED TO BE FACING A (VERY) HIGH RISK OF EXTINCTION IN THE WILD1
1562663 life forms on this planet 12118 endangered species 869 extinct species 22% of world’s mammals are threatened or extinct 76 mammal species are known to be extinct 2000 mammal species are being affected globally by habitat loss 31% of world’s amphibians
are threatened or extinct
38 amphibian species are known to be extinct 14% of world’s birds are threatened or extinct 134 bird species are known to be extinct 27% of world’s warm-water reef-building corals are threatened 71% of world’s coral are climate change susceptible 42% of all species
have declining populations2
JENNIFER YEO
M
MARIAH VANE
MARLEE GROS
S
section AB
WHERE
THE
WILD
THIN
ENDANGERED SPECIES BIG CA
TS ARE
GS
Of the nearly forty feline, or cat, species in the world, only one—the domestic cat—is believed to be secure. As undeveloped land becomes harder to find, large cats, such
as lions, panthers, tigers, jaguars, and cheetahs, are left with less and less natural habitat in which to live. Several causes examined on local levels, including inbreeding,
human interaction, and sea level rise, have brought big cats close to extinction.3
(From left to right) Amur Leopard Ucumari, V. (2007). Tree of Life Web Project [Picture]. Retrieved from http://tolweb.org/onlinecontributors/ Amur Leopard and Tiger Distribution in Russia ALTA Amur Leopard Conservation. (2005). Amur Leopard and Tiger Distribution in Russia [Map]. Retrieved from http://www.amur-leopard.org Cheetah Johns, C. (2006). National Geographic [Picture]. Retrieved from http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/ Cheetah Distribution Map The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (2009, October 27). Acinonyx jubatus [Map]. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Bengal Tiger The Animal Photo Archive [Picture]. (1993). Retrieved from http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/tiger/ Tiger Map World Wildlife Federation. (2010, January 29). Tige
r Range [Map]. Retrieved from http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/finder/tigers/maps.html
CAT CONSERVATI
AMUR LEOPARD
ON
MAN VS. WIL
CHEETAH
D
SINKING SPECI
BENGAL TIGER
ES
There is much debate over how to handle the conservation of the
Amur leopard. The subspecies is critically endangered and action to
save this genetically distinct leopard must be taken. There is discussion
of breeding the wild and captive species to increase populations in the
wild. However there is much debate over whether this is the best
decision.
Conflict with farmers and ranchers is one of the major threats to
cheetahs in southern Africa. Cheetahs are often killed because they
are a perceived threat to livestock, although they cause relatively
littledamage.
As the only tiger sub species that has adapted to live in mangroves,
the Bengal tiger is threatened partially due to habitat loss by rising
ocean levels.
•In Namibia, large numbers of cheetahs have been trapped and
removed by ranchers looking to protect their livestock
•Over 9,500 cheetahs were removed in between 1978 and 1995
•Research shows that cheetahs were only responsible for 3% of
livestock losses to predators
•Even though the removal rates have fallen due to intensified
conservation and education efforts, many ranchers and farmers still
view cheetahs as a major pest to their livestock
•The Republic of Namibia permits cheetahs to be killed in defense of
life and livestock. Killing cheetahs for their skin is also permitted as
long as the killing is reported
•Illegal trade of cheetah skins and capture of live cubs for trade causes
Concern6/7/8
•A mangrove is a specialized ecosystem where forests grow on a
saltwater coast
•The Sundarban Forest, located between Bangladesh and India, is the
only documented mangrove occupied by Bengals
•The mean elevation for most of the Sundarbans is less than one
meter
•The sea level is predicted to rise by between .3 and .5 m by 2050 and
up to 1.0 m by 2100
•Beyond 28 cm sea level rise, Sundarban tiger populations will not
likely remain viable
•This would leave the area segmented into five main patches, making
mating very difficult
•It is likely that the populations would experience a bottleneck effect
•A bottleneck effect is a sudden reduction in size leading to limited
genetic variation10
Population in the Wild: 25-40 individuals
Population in Captivity: 170 individuals (approximate)
Locality: Southwest Primoskiy Krai, of far eastern Russia
•The origins of the captive populations were not pure – some captive
leopards are of a different subspecies
•Introducing these two groups of animals for breeding would mean the
sacrifice of the Amur leopards’ genetic purity
•This could result in a more resilient subspecies and an increase in
genetic diversity
•The debate is between a healthier overall population due to cross
breeding versus maintaining the integrity of the leopards by not
introducing the different sub species4/5
1The
Population in the Wild: 7,500 individuals
Population in Captivity: 1,400 individuals
Locality: Kenya; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Tanzania
Population in the Wild: about 1,500 individuals
Population in Captivity: about 2,500 individuals
Locality: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar and Nepal9
International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2009, February). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org/ 2Ibid. 3Library Index. (2010). Endangered Mammals - Big Cats. Retrieved from http://www.libraryindex.com/ 4 O. Uphyrkina, D. Miquelle, H. Quigley, C. Driscoll, and S. J. O’Brien. (2002, September). Conservation genetics of the far eastern leopard (panthera pardus orientalis). Journal of Heredity, 93(5), 303-311, 02/21/10. 5 Uphyrkina O, O. S. (August 2003). Applying molecular genetic tools to the conservation and action plan for the critically endangered far eastern leopard (panthera pardus orientalis). COMPTES RENDUS BIOLOGIES, 326, 93-97. doi:10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00044-1 6 Cheetah. (2010). Defenders of Wildlife. Retrieved from http://www.defenders.org/ wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/cheetah.php 7 IUCN Red Li
st. (2010, March 2). The International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved from http://www.iucn.org/ 8 Appendices I, II and III. (2009, May 22). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Retrieved from http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml 9 2010 Year of the Tiger. (2010). World Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.worldwildlife.org/ 10 Loucks, C., Barber-Meyer, S., Hossain, M., Barlow, A., & Chowdhury, R. (2010). Sea level rise and tigers: predicted impacts to Bangladesh’s Sundarbans mangroves. Climatic Change, 98(1-2), 291-298. Retrieved from Wildlife & Ecology Studies Worldwide database.