Transcript kompendium interaksi ekologis dalam agroekosistem

INTERAKSI
EKOLOGIS
AGROEKOSISTEM
Diabstraksikan oleh:
soemarno jurs tanah fpub - des. 2012
AGROEKOLOGI.
Agroecologi adalah kajian tentang
proses-proses ekologis yang
berlangsung dalam sistem produksi
pertanian.
The prefix agro- refers to agriculture.
Bringing ecological principles to bear in
agroecosystems can suggest novel
management approaches that would not
otherwise be considered.
Pakar Agroecologi mengkaji berbagai macam
agroecosystems, dan bidang agroekologi
berkaitan dnegan semua metode pertanian,
yaitu pertanian organik, terpadu,
konvensional, intensif dan ekstensif.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology….. 8/12/2012
AGROEKOLOGI.
How do Plants Grow?
Several factors influence (enhance, reduce or limit) plant growth.
These factors are either environmental factors (external factors) or plant
factors (internal factors).
Diunduh dari: http://www.plant-and-flower-guide.com/how-do-plants-grow.html ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOLOGI.
Agroecology diartikan sebagai “kajian tentang interaksi antara
tanaman, ternak, manusia dan lingkungannya di dalam sistem
pertanian".
Agroecology as a discipline therefore covers integrative studies within
agronomy, ecology, sociology and economics .
The classical, scientific disciplines, where some are within the window of
agroecology, are lined up in the right column, ordered in a hierarchy with the
‘hard agroecology’ disciplines at the bottom and the 'soft agroecology'
disciplines at the top .
Diunduh dari: http://basecologica.blogspot.com/2007/08/texto-4-agroecology-part-1.html …..
10/12/2012
. AGROECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE, A MOVEMENT AND A
PRACTICE. A REVIEW
A. Wezel, S. Bellon, T. Doré, C. Francis, D. Vallod and C. David.
Agron. Sustain. Dev. Vol. 29, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2009
Agroecology sebagai
praktek pertanian
muncul-berkembang
pada 1980-an, dan
seringkali dikaitkan
dengan gerakan
“pertanian ekologis”.
The scales and
dimensions of
agroecological
investigations changed
over the past 80 years
from the plot and field
scales to the farm and
agroecosystem scales.
Ada tiga pendekatan,
yaitu:
1. Investigasi pada
petakan lahan dan
sekala lapangan,
2. Investigasi pada
tingkat
agroecosystem dan
sekala usahatani,
3. Investigasi yang
mencakup
keseluruhan sistem
pangan.
AGROEKOLOGI
Disiplin
Ilmu
Pendekat
an
Petakan/
Hampara
n
Agroekosiste
m
Ekologi
Pangan
Geraka
n
Environmen
talisme
Praktikal
Teknolo
gi
Pertania
n
Pertanian
berkelanju
tan
Pengemban
gan Wilayah
Pedesaan
Diunduh dari: http://www.agronomyjournal.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/agro/full_html/
2009/04/a8122/F1.html ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
Agroecosystem didefinisikan sebagai “unit
aktivitas pertanian” secara spatial dan
fungsional, dan meliputi komponen biotik
(hidup) dan benda mati (abiotik) yang saling
berinteraksi..
The core of an agroecosystem lies the human activity of
agriculture. However, an agroecosystem is not restricted to
the immediate site of agricultural activity (e.g. the farm), but
rather includes the region that is impacted by this activity,
usually by changes to the complexity of species
assemblages and energy flows, as well as to the net
nutrient balance.
Traditionally an agroecosystem, particularly one managed
intensively, is characterized as having a simpler species
composition and simpler energy and nutrient flows than
"natural" ecosystem.
Agroecosystems are often associated with elevated
nutrient input, much of which exits the farm leading to
eutrophication of connected ecosystems not directly
engaged in agriculture.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem….. 8/12/2012
AGRO-EKOSISTEM
Complex nature of an agriculture system, illustrated by
the C-N cycle.
Biomasa
Mikroba
BOT :
Bahan
Organik
Tanah
Penyerapan
air (H2O)
Pupuk
Pencucian
Diunduh dari: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/articles/70/2/311 ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM - USAHA
PERTANIAN
Ortega & Miller-Soybean Comparison
http://www.unicamp.br/fea/ortega/italia/soybean-comparison.htm
Diunduh dari: http://prosperouswaydown.com/subsystems/agroecology/ ….. 10/12/2012
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
Interaksi-interaksi pada tingkat usahatani:
Output dari suatu aktivitas digunakan sebagai input
untuk aktivitas lainnya.
1. The use of crop straw or “residues” for animal
feed. A typical consequence is the rejection by
farmers of short-straw varieties of cereals such
as rice and sorghum, due to the reduced
biomass and the lower palatability to livestock of
dwarf rice varieties (which have high levels of
silica in the stem).
2. The use of livestock manure as fertilizer in crop
fields (when alternative sources of fertility
maintenance might be needed as grazing land
decreases and/or mechanization is introduced).
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icraedu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRS
NHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnApWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raX
HICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
INTERAKSI DI ANTARA KOMPONEN
AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
At the farm level,
the relevant
resource flows
include labour
and cash, and
how these are
deployed
between
different
possible
activities within
and off the farm;
how the outputs
of one activity
(e.g. a cropping
system) might
act as inputs for
another;
and the inputs
and outputs of
the farm system.
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icraedu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRS
NHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnApWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raX
HICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
At the farm level, for example, such interactions
include:
The planting of two crops on the same plot within the
same year or planting season.
1. Intercropping or mixed cropping – where two or
more crops are planted at the same or similar
times (e.g. maize accompanied with beans,
cowpeas, sweet potatoes, rice, squash, etc. in
many small holdings);
2. Relay cropping – where one crop is planted on
the same plot towards the end of the life cycle of
another (e.g. beans are often planted after the
maize flowers and is doubled over in many parts
of Latin America);
3. Sequential crops – where one crop is planted
after the harvest of another.
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icraedu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRS
NHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnApWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raX
HICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
Interaksi pada tingkat komunitas atau regional:
1. The use of an input by one type of farmer of the
output of another type of farmer (e.g. specialised
livestock farmers who buy the maize residue from
specialised crop farmers);
2. Different and competing uses of the same resource
by different stakeholders; e.g.:
a. Land - the conversion of communal land, used by
pastoralists as specialized grazing reserves in dry
years, to state-owned wheat farms in some parts of
Africa.
b. Water - the abstraction (or contamination) of stream
water for irrigation by upstream crop farmers leading
to lack (or pollution) of water used by downstream
livestock owners).
c. Labour – small farmers supplying wage labour for
sugar or coffee harvest on plantations, leading to late
planting or non-weeding on small holders own fields;
farmers without livestock hiring their manual labour to
ox-owners in exchange for ploughing services (which
may then arrive later than the optimum planting time).
Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icraedu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRS
NHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnApWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raX
HICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012
HUBUNGAN
TANAH –
TANAMAN
HUBUNGAN
AIR-TANAH-TANAMAN
Tanaman
Aerasi
Tanah
Hara
dalam
tanah
Lengas
Tanah
Diunduh dari: http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0003201.html …….
12/12/2012
HUBUNGAN
AIR-TANAH-TANAMAN
Tanah
dangkal
Tanah
dalam
(a) shallow soil without a B horizon has low water storage and can
restrict root growth and
(b) deeper soil with all three horizons with no physical constraints to
root growth"(Reference:senrm.sa.gov.au).
Diunduh dari: http://festuca.weebly.com/ ……. 12/12/2012
HUBUNGAN
AIR-TANAH-TANAMAN
Pola perakaran dan penyerapan air dari zone-akar
Corn does not extract water uniformly throughout its rooting depth.
Generally, more water is extracted from shallow depths and less
from deeper depths. If water is applied to the soil surface, the typical
extraction pattern follows the 4-3-2-1 rule: 40 percent of the water
comes from the top 1/4 of the root zone, 30 percent comes from the
second 1/4 and so on.
Formula
4-3-2-1
Diunduh dari:
http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1004 …….
12/12/2012
HUBUNGAN
AIR-TANAH-TANAMAN
Diunduh dari: preuniversity.grkraj.org ……. 12/12/2012
Pengaruh ketersediaan air terhadap pertumbuhan
tanaman
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
Pola penyerapan air oleh tanaman yang tumbuh
pada profil tanah yang tidak mempunyai lapisan
penghambat dan suplai air tersedia cukup di seluruh
zone perakaran tanaman
Formula: 4-3-2-1
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
Sistem Perakaran Serabut dan
Perakaran Tunggang pada Tanaman
umur dua bulan
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
.
HUBUNGAN
AIR-TANAH-TANAMAN
Relationship among unavailable, slowly available, and readily
available potassium in the soil-plant system.
Plants readily absorb the K dissolved in the soil water. As
soon as the K concentration in soil water drops, more is
released into this solution from the K attached to the clay
minerals. The K attached to the exchange sites on the clay
minerals is more readily available for plant growth than the K
trapped between the layers of the clay minerals.
Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/dc6794.html …….
12/12/2012
CO2 dari
Udara
Fotosintesis:
CO2 + H2O ---Karbohidrat
(Glukosa)
Glukosa
Pati
dan senyawa organik lain
dalam buah dan biji
Air dari
tanah
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
CO2 dari
Udara
Fotosintesis:
CO2 + H2O
Karbohidrat
(Glukosa)
Glukosa
Pati
dan senyawa organik
lain dalam biji
Stomata:
Pintu lalulintas
CO2, O2, dan
H2O
Air dari
tanah
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
Budidaya
tanaman padi sawah
memerlukan banyak air
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
Penggunaan air
Pertumbuha
n vegetatif
Masak
Perkecambahan
Fase pertumbuhan tanaman
Kurva Penggunaan Air Musiman oleh
Tanaman
KEBUTUHAN AIR TANAMAN
A plant has different water needs at different stages of growth.
While a plant is young it requires less water than when it is in
the reproductive stage.
When the plant approaches maturity, its water need drops.
Curves have been developed that show the daily water needs for
most types of crops.
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP TUMBUHAN.
The movement of solution through the plant is dictated by a complex
combination of internal and external forces.
Bagaimana unsur hara dan air dalam tanah bergerak mendekati dan memasuki
akar tumbuhan ?
As we briefly examine the root environment, we will quickly review the actual
movement of nutrients in and around the media as it approaches the root
surface.
What are the driving forces that allow elements in remote areas of the soil to
find their way to the roots?
Diunduh dari:
http://www.greenhousecanada.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=140
SIKLUS KARBON
Plant life 'recycles' carbon dioxide faster than previously estimated.
Interaksi tumbuhan dengan lingkungannya dalam proses
fotosintesis dan siklus karbon.
Diunduh dari: http://www.earthlyissues.com/plantrecycle.htm ….. 10/12/2012
PROSES
FOTOSINTESIS
FOTOSINTESIS
Photosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide and water from the
environment. It then uses sunlight to convert this into glucose and
oxygen.
CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER ===
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---->
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Autotrophs relate to plants which plants are living organisms and how they
interact with the sun (nonliving) and uses photosynthesis that requires
energy from the sun.
Diunduh dari: http://wikiecologyproject.wikispaces.com/Autotrophs ….. 10/12/2012
HUBUNGAN
AIR-TANAH-TANAMAN
Photosynthesis is a complex reaction. In a lot of ways, it's
similar to the way your body breaks down food into fuel that
it can store. Essentially, using energy from the sun, a plant
can transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and
oxygen. In chemical terms:
6CO2 + 12H2O + Light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O
Diunduh dari: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/earth3.htm
……. 12/12/2012
HUBUNGAN
AIR-TANAH-TANAMAN
Plants can make their own food using light energy
from the sun. This process is called photosynthesis,
and it takes place in the chloroplasts, tiny green
structures found in the green parts of plants.
It is a complicated process, but basically, carbon
dioxide and water are converted to glucose (a simple
sugar) and oxygen.
Diunduh dari: http://sactree.com/pages/302 ……. 12/12/2012
PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
Photosynthesis is the single most important chemical process on
earth. It is the process by which plants use solar energy to
manufacture food. The term means “putting together with light,” and
the process of photosynthesis uses solar energy to form simple
sugars from water and carbon dioxide gas. Later these sugars are
converted into starch, protein, or fat; and we eat them as fruits and
vegetables. Thus photosynthesis changes light energy into food
(chemical) energy.
Photosynthesis sustains green plants and as a result all other living
things as well. Both directly and indirectly green plants generate
most of the world’s chemical energy. Wood and fossil fuels — coal,
oil and natural gas formed from plants and animals that lived
millions of years ago — provide much of our electricity and heat.
Diunduh dari: … http://www.homestead-farm.net/KidsLinks/Photosynthesis.html ….
24/12/2012
PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
The Process That Feeds the Biosphere
Photosynthesis nourishes almost the entire living world directly or
indirectly. Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical
energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; it occurs in
plants. Basically it is a process plants use light energy to make
food. Photosynthesis also produces oxygen which is necessary for most
life on earth.
The photosynthesis general equation:
Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis that altered life on earth.
It is very similar to the cellular respiration equation.
This is a redox process that makes complex organic molecules from
simple molecules
Diunduh dari: http://avonapbio.pbworks.com/w/page/9429291/Chapter%2010 …….
24/12/2012
PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
Photosystems
Photosystems are located in the thylakoid membrane and contain light
harvesting complexes and a reaction center, a protein complex with two
special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. When a
pigment molecule in a light-harvesting complex absorbs a photon, the energy
is passed from pigment to pigment until it reaches the reaction center.
There are two types of photosystems:
1. Photosystem II (PSII)-the chlorophyll a molecule at the reaction center of
this system is called P680 and absorbs very well
2. Photosystem I (PSI)-the chlorophyll a molecule molecule at the reaction
center of this system is called P700.
Diunduh dari: http://avonapbio.pbworks.com/w/page/9429291/Chapter%2010 ……. 24/12/2012
PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
Diunduh dari: http://science6shms.pbworks.com/w/page/25870917/photosynthesis
.
PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
Organelles called chloroplasts, which are found primarily in the
leaves, are the site of most photosynthetic production. However,
before photosynthesis may occur, water, minerals, and carbon
dioxide must accumulate in the leaves. Sunlight must also be
present. Specialized vascular tissues known as xylem and phloem
assist in the transportation process. Xylem carries water from the
root system all the way up to the leaves, whereas phloem transports
sugars. Specialized cells known as stomata regulate gas exchange
in the leaves; they admit carbon dioxide and release oxygen as
photosynthesis requires.
Diunduh dari: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/kruse_sara/nutrition.htm …….
24/12/2012
PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
The sunlight strikes the chlorophyll and is captured in the leaves.
The energy from the sunlight is used to create chemical bonds to
hold the glucose molecules together. In this way, the sun's energy is
stored as chemical energy. If the chemical bonds holding glucose
together are broken, the energy will be released.
The matter to form glucose comes from carbon dioxide and the
hydrogen in water. The oxygen from water is released into the
atmosphere. Glucose and other molecules produced in this process
called photosynthesis are used to create the structures of plants.
Diunduh dari: http://www.uen.org/core/science/sciber/sciber9/stand-6/1b.shtml ……. 24/12/2012
PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and
sunlight to create fuel—glucose and other sugars—for
building plant structures. This process forms the foundation
of the fast (biological) carbon cycle. (Illustration adapted
from P.J. Sellers et al., 1992.)
Diunduh dari: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/page3.php ……. 24/12/2012
PROSES RESPIRASI
Respiration between plants and animals are very similar except for
the fact that plants perform photosynthesis which is the different
function that plants and animals perform. Plant cells have more
features in the cells causing the plants to only use photosynthesis
because they have chloroplast.
Respiration is the process in which the stomata in the leaves
consume oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water.
Air containing carbon dioxide enters through the stomata’s pores
where it is used during photosynthesis and respiration.
It is very important to understand that both plants and animals need
oxygen for respiration. Since respiration is the burning of sugars for
energy to grow and do the internal work of living. It is very important
to understand that both plants and animals need oxygen for
respiration. For respiration the stomata is used to consume oxygen
and release carbon dioxide. Energy is released and water and carbon
dioxide is produced from the burning of carbohydrates.
Diunduh dari: http://bobsbeanblog.edublogs.org/2010/01/12/respiration-plants-animals/ …….
24/12/2012
PROSES RESPIRASI
Aerobic respiration recombines the oxygen with the carbohydrates,
releases the stored energy and gives off carbon dioxide and water as
waste products. These can then be used again by plants to create
more food, meaning the same molecules can be used over and over
to store and distribute energy down the food chain to where they are
returned again to the plants as CO2 and H2O from whatever part of
the chain they reach before their stored chemical energy is
consumed through respiration and they are released again.
Diunduh dari: http://www.growingnewlife.com/index.php?p=1_5_Photosynthesis-Respiration …….
24/12/2012
PROSES RESPIRASI
Diunduh dari: http://kfzteile-spezialist.com/images/plant-cell-respiration ……. 24/12/2012
PROSES RESPIRASI
The respiratory system is the biological system of any organism that engages
in gas exchange. Even trees have respiratory systems, taking in carbon dioxide
and emitting oxygen during the day, consuming carbon dioxide and producing
oxygen constantly.
Plant respiration is limited by the process of diffusion. Plants take in carbon
dioxide through holes on the undersides of their leaves known as stomata.
However, most plants require little air. Most plants have relatively few living
cells outside of their surface because air (which is required for metabolic
content) can penetrate only skin deep. However, most plants are not involved
in highly aerobic activities, and thus have no need of these living cells.
Diunduh dari: http://www.tiptheplanet.com/wiki/Respiration ……. 24/12/2012
PROSES
EVAPOTRANSPIRASI
SISTEM TANAH-TANAMAN
Structure of water transport model for the soilleaf continuum, with the inputs outlined in boxes.
Root and shoot components are represented by a
resistance network, each component of which
varies according to the inputted K(y) function
from vulnerability curves of xylem.
Layers of roots reach to different soil depths
according to an inputted root area profile.
Canopy layers reflect an inputted leaf area and Y
profile.
Soil is modeled as a rhizosphere resistance
connecting roots to bulk soil of an inputted y and
K(y).
The model predicts transpiration (E) as a
function of the inputs.
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
PROSES TRANSPIRASI
Plants control the amount of water lost by transpiration by opening
and closing their stomata. Cells surrounding the stomata become
more or less stiff, which causes the stomata to open or close. In a
dry atmosphere, such as in a desert, the stomata of plants stay
closed much of the time. This keeps the water inside the plant. Thus,
desert plants have a low transpiration rate. The opposite is true of
plants that grow in tropical rain forests.
Diunduh dari: http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/develop-method-determining-plant-rate/
……. 24/12/2012
PROSES TRANSPIRASI
The transpiration flux must pass through several resistors between the interior
of the leaf and the airstream above the plant canopy. First is the resistance
imposed by the leaf skin, then the air resistance in the leaf boundary layer, and
finally the air resistance between the interleaf air spaces and the atmosphere
above the plant canopy.
After all, there are a many number of factors that play a role in the regulation of
these resistances. Some of these factors originate in the environment and
some in the plant.
The plant can exert a reflexive control under some circumstances. They can
regulate the size of the openings in their leaf through which the vapor passes
to the outside of the leaf, but perhaps no more than we can regulate the size of
the pupils in our eyes. These openings, are the stomates. Plants regulate their
stomatal aperture, and, in turn, their stomatal resistance in such a way as to
limit or augment the flow of water to the outside.
Diunduh dari: https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/simsphere/workbook/ch07.html …….
24/12/2012
PROSES TRANSPIRASI
The Process of Transpiration
There are hundreds of stomata in the epidermis of a leaf. Most are located in
the lower epidermis. This reduces water loss because the lower surface
receives less solar radiation than the upper surface. Each stoma allows the
carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis to enter, while water evaporates
through each one in transpiration.
Now that you have been introduced to the concept of transpiration, the
questions on the following page will help you understand how the properties of
water and water potential are important to this process.
Diunduh dari: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab9/transpull.html …….
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PROSES TRANSPIRASI
The transpiration stream in a plant. The pathway followed by water
and minerals from the soil, through the root into the vascular system
and hence to the leaves, is indicated by the blue arrows. The whole
process is driven by the loss of water vapour from the stomatal
pores on the surfaces of the leaves.
Plant physiology: Spreading a drought warning
Alistair M Hetherington.
Curent Biology. Volume 8, Issue 25, 31 December 1998, Pages R911–R913
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982298000074 …….
24/12/2012
PROSES TRANSPIRASI
Environmental Effects
There are many environmental factors that can affect the rate of transpiration. I
will address five of the most important here; light, temperature, humidity, wind,
and soil water.
Light stimulates the opening of the stomata at daybreak. As the stomata opens
to allow photosynthesis to occur, the transpiration rate increases. With light
comes heat. The leaf can be heated by the temperature of the environment and
also by the heat released during photosynthesis. Transpiration provides a
cooling mechanism for the plant to release excess heat in the leaves and
maintain internal temperature necessary for biological and chemical processes
to occur. Transpiration occurs more quickly at higher temperatures due to
increased evaporation. Summer tends to be a time of decreased transpiration
in plants because of increased temperature. A difference of 10°C can lead to
three times the amount of transpiration in a leaf.
Diunduh dari: http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/SCT112/lecture3_2.htm ……. 24/12/2012
PROSES TRANSPIRASI
Evaporation and transpiration occur simultaneously and there is no easy way
of distinguishing between the two processes. Apart from the water availability
in the topsoil, the evaporation from a cropped soil is mainly determined by the
fraction of the solar radiation reaching the soil surface. This fraction decreases
over the growing period as the crop develops and the crop canopy shades
more and more of the ground area. When the crop is small, water is
predominately lost by soil evaporation, but once the crop is well developed and
completely covers the soil, transpiration becomes the main process. In Figure
2 the partitioning of evapotranspiration into evaporation and transpiration is
plotted in correspondence to leaf area per unit surface of soil below it. At
sowing nearly 100% of ET comes from evaporation, while at full crop cover
more than 90% of ET comes from transpiration.
Diunduh dari: … http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/x0490e04.htm …. 24/12/2012
Plants develop the
tension, or potential, to
move soil water from the
soil into
the roots and distribute
the water through the
plant by adjusting the
water potential, or
tension, within their
plant cells.
The essence of the
process is that water
always moves from
higher to lower water
potential.
For water to move from
the soil, to roots, to
stems, to leaves, to air
the water potential must
always be decreasing.
Ilustrasi tentang penurunan potensial air untuk
suatu tanaman
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
Lingkaran
TanahAirTanaman
LTAT mrpk sistem dinamik dan terpadu
dimana air mengalir dari tempat dengan
tegangan rendah menuju tempat dengan
tegangan air tinggi.
Air kembali ke
atmosfer
(evapotranspirasi)
Hilang melalui
stomata daun
(transpirasi)
Air
dikembalikan ke
tanah melalui
hujan dan
irigasi
Penguapa
n
Serapan bulu
akar
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
The pore volume is actually a reservoir for holding water. Not
all of the water in the reservoir is available for plant use.
Figure represents a "wet" (saturated) soil immediately after a
large rainfall.
Note that all of the pores are filled with water. Gravity will pull
some of this water down through the soil below the crop's
root zone.
The water that is redistributed below the root zone due to the
force of gravity is gravitational water. In general, gravitational
water is not available to plants, especially in sandy soils,
because the redistribution process occurs quickly (in two
days or less).
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
Transpirasi
Curah Hujan
Irigasi
Evaporasi
Dasar Zone Akar
Drainage Dalam
Sumber dan perilaku air yang ditambahkan ke tanah
Diunduh dari:
……. 12/12/2012
HUBUNGAN AIR-TANAH-TANAMAN
Water covers over two thirds of the Earth‘s surface, and
is vital for all known forms of life.
All water within biological bodies and the primary supply
of that in the plant-soil system is defined as green water.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.alpsadria.hu/……. 12/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM: Neraca Air Tanaman
Plant–environment interactions.
Source: Licht and Isebrands (2005).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X06001516….. 10/12/2012
NERACA AIR DI LAHAN PERTANIAN
Evapotranspiration (ET) ada;ah jumlah evaporation dan transpiration dari
permukaan lahan ke atmosfir.
Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such
as the soil, canopy interception, and waterbodies.
Transpiration accounts for the movement of water within a plant and the
subsequent loss of water as vapor through stomata in its leaves.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration….. 10/12/2012
PROSES
INTERAKSI
KOMPONEN
AGROEKOSISTEM
AGROEKOSISTEM
Interaksi Tanaman-Gulma
Tumbuhan menghasilkan beragam senyawa alamiah yang mampu
menghambat atau menstimulir pertumbuhan tumbuhan lainnya
(allelopathy) dan /atau mempengaruhi mikroba tanah yang ada di
sekitarnya.
As a result, crops, weeds, and soil life are linked through a web of
chemical and microbiological communications that can be quite
species-specific.
Utilizing these chemical and microbiological interactions to design
weed-suppressive crop rotations is a fascinating and potentially
fruitful frontier in organic farming research.
Figure: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological
Farming.
Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/18529/an-ecological-understanding-of-weeds…..
10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
Interaksi Multitrophic antara tumbuhan dg mikroba di bawah tanah
dan serangga di atas tanah.
Different soil-borne microbes induce changes in the plant that affect
herbivorous insects, their natural enemies and pollinators.
The beneficial microbes enhance plant growth and induce resistance in aerial
plant tissues, which both affect herbivore performance.
The emission of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the main cue
triggering the attraction of beneficial insects, and this emission changes in
response to microbe-plant interactions.
Aboveground herbivory affects microbial communities belowground, possibly
via changes in nutrient allocation, broad-spectrum induced defences and root
exudates.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138510001007 ….. 10/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM
Tanaman Brassica ditanam untuk menghasilkan minyak, panganm
dan pakan, dan sangat penting secara ekonomis karena nilai gizinya,
bahan obat, bahan bioindustri , biocontrol dan lainnya.
Insect pests cause enormous yield and economic losses in Brassica crop
production every year, and are a threat to global agriculture.
In order to overcome these insect pests, Brassica species themselves use
multiple defence mechanisms , which can be constitutive , inducible , induced,
direct or indirect depending upon the insect or the degree of insect attack.
Diunduh dari: http://www.agronomyjournal.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/agro/full_html/
2010/02/a8185/F5.html ….. 10/12/2012
INTERAKSI AGROEKOSISTEM
Interaksi allelopathy dan perilaku serangga:
(A) herbivory influences production of allelopathic
substances. (B) Chemical inducers enhance production of
allelopathic substances. (C) Chemical compounds have
both allelopathic and insect behavioural activity. (D) Plants
exposed to allelopathy become less attractive to
herbivores. (E) Plants exposed to allelopathy become
more attractive to herbivore natural enemies.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942211000963 ….. 10/12/2012
Kegiatan Pertanian  Mengubah dan
menggantikan vegetasi alami
Tebang & bakar vegetasi hutan
untuk:
• Tambahan hara
• Membunuh hama, gulma
• Mempermudah kegiatan di
lahan
•
(Foto: Meine van
Noordwijk)
Sumber:
Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010.
Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
.KONVERSI HUTAN
Konversi hutan berupa perubahan hutan alam menjadi
bentuk-bentuk penggunaan lahan yang lebioh intensif
pengelolaannya.
Often it is a process of gradual forest degradation,
which may begin with removal of valuable timber and
eventually lead to clearing of the land for plantations,
crops, pasture, industry or urban settlement.
During the last twenty years of the twentieth century,
nearly one fifth, or 300 million hectares, of tropical
forests were converted to non-forest landuses
worldwide.
Konversi hutan dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya biaya
sosial dan dampak lingkungan yang parah, a.l.:
1. Loss of biodiversity due to destruction and
fragmentation of natural habitats,
2. Water shortages,
3. Loss of natural vegetation where fires used to clear
land burn uncontrollably into surrounding areas,
4. Disregard for the rights and interests of local or
indigenous communities.
Diunduh dari: assets.panda.org/.../wwf_position_paper_on_f...…..9/12/2012
Pemanfaatan dan Konversi Hutan Tropika
Tropical forests hold the largest terrestrial carbon store and are
active carbon sinks. Reducing emissions from deforestation and
degradation is a vital component of tackling dangerous climate
change. In addition, tackling illegal and ill-managed logging will be
an important part of reducing emissions from forestry.
Total absorpsi C
oleh fotosintesis
30.4
Total emisi C
25.1
Total emisi C
oleh respirasi
24.5
Total absorpsi C
oleh fotosintesis
12.3
1
2
6
4
22
6
15
0
Diunduh dari: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/human-use-and-conversion-of-tropicalforests_a927#….. 9/12/2012
Tanam
ubikayu
terus
menerus,
tanah jadi
PANAS!!
Photo: Kurniatun
Hairiah
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
PERGILIRAN TANAMAN.
Pola tanaman pangan dan Pakan
The concept of food-feed intercropping in both lowland and upland small
farm systems is relatively new. The two principal advantages are:
a) that the system aims to provide sustainability through involving the
complimentary role of crops and animals;
b) the use of appropriate forage crops provides fodders and crop
residues which are valuable both ruminants and non-ruminants.
Cropping patterns involving rice and food crop - forage
intercropping
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/T0582E/T0582E15.htm ….. 9/12/2012
.ROTASI TANAMAN
The Living Jigsaw:
Planning for Crop Rotation in Your Vegetable Garden
Leaves, Fruits, Roots, Rebuild.
That's your new mantra. Leaves, fruits, roots, rebuild.
Think of a salad: lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, peas. What you are eating are
the leaves of the lettuce, the fruits of the tomato vine, and the root of the
carrot.
The pea... you are eating the fruit (seed) of the pea vine, but more
important to your garden is that fact that peas and beans are soil
rebuilders because of their marvelous nitrogen fixing capacity.
Diunduh dari: http://www.designing-edible-gardens.com/CropRotation.html ….. 9/12/2012
ROTASI JENIS-JENIS SAYURAN
Vegetable garden crop rotation is a process where different types of plant
groups are grown in different spaces, rotating each season.
The purpose is to ensure healthy vigorous vegetable growth and minimise
pests and disease.
Different vegetable plant groups have different nutritional needs and are
affected by different pests and diseases.
Continually growing the same vegetable plants in the same place, year after
year drains the soil of particular groups of nutrients and increases the risk of
the build up of pests and diseases in the soil, eventually leading to poor health
in the crop and reduced productivity.
The logic behind this crop rotation is that Legumes are known as nitrogen
fixing plants, that is, as they grow, the put nitrogen into the soil naturally.
Diunduh dari: http://www.grow-your-own-vegetable-garden.com/vegetable-garden-crop-rotation.html
….. 9/12/2012
Pergiliran = ROTASI TANAMAN
. Crop rotation is a method of growing a series of different types of crops in the
same area in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build
up of problems and pests that normally occur when one kind of crop is grown
year after in the same place.
I have in my vegetable garden four sections and I choose plants from the same
group to go in each section.
The next year I move all them on into the next section as shown in the diagram.
Thus each group will only go back to its original section every fourth year.
Diunduh dari: http://nalitagarden.blogspot.com/p/crop-rotation.html….. 9/12/2012
INTERAKSI AGROEKOSISTEM.
Agroecosystem merupakan
asosiasi dinamik antara tanaman,
hijauan-pakan, ternak, flora &
fauna, tanah, air, dan atmosfir.
Agroecosystems are contained
within larger landscapes, which
include uncultivated land, drainage
networks, rural communities, and
wildlife.
Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/emap/html/data/agroland/ ….. 8/12/2012
Lanskap pertanian
Sumberjaya, Lampung Barat
Hutan alami
belukar
Tan. semusim
Kopi campuran
Kopi monokultur
Kopi monokultur
Kopi campuran
Sayuran (+ mulsa)
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Hutan
Lindun
g
Kegiatan
Pertanian
• Menebang & membakar
vegetasi hutan alami
• Menanam jenis tan. Baru
• Mengolah tanah, Memupuk
• Memanen
Photo: Kurniatun Hairiah
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
.KOMPOSISI AGROEKOSISTEM
Agroekosistem dicirikan oleh komposisi
spesies dan aliran-energi yang lebih
sederhana dibandingkan dengan ekosistemalamiah yang stabil..
The agroecosystem needs energy input to
maintain its balance.
The wet paddy ecosystem, although an
artificial system, has a rather complex
composition of biotic and non-biotic
elements, providing it with relative stability.
Injudicious use of pesticides, however,
disturbs this balance due to the killing of
natural enemies and other organisms in the
rice field.
Diunduh dari: www.eseap.cipotato.org/MF.../FFS.../III-3.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
Komponen Lanskap Pertanian
1.
Area produksi
tanaman
Dikelola secara intensif, “gangguan” lahan
terjadi secara rutin, domestikasi spesies
alami
2.
Area pertanian
dengan tingkat
gangguan
sedang
Area campuran jenis native dan non-native,
yang dapat menjadi habitat bagi beberapa
jenis hewan. Contohnya padang
penggembalaan, hutan tanaman untuk
produksi timber, dan sistem agroforestri.
3.
Area alami
Area yang masih terdapat flora/fauna alami
(asli) daerah tersebut, tetapi luasannya lebih
kecil, terdapat pula spesies non-native, sering
terjadi gangguan manusia
(Source: Gliessman, 2000, p 286)
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Hutan
alami
Semak
belukar
Hutan
Tanaman
Pinus
Hutan
bambu
Hutan
alami
Kebun
apel
Hutan
bambu
desa
Kandang
ternak
Hutan
bambu
Kebun
apel
Sayuran
Lanskap managemen: sekitar perumahan dibangun
jalan setapak, parit drainasi, tiang listrik, pagar 
berpengaruh sangat besar terhadap suksesnya
konservasi biodiversitas
•
(Foto:Jurs
Kurniatun
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian,
Tanah FPUB
Hutan
Alami
Pertanian
Deforestasi
lindung
produksi
Perkebunan
Terpadu,
multifungsi:
pohon, tan
pangan,
padang
rumput &
hutan tersisa
Pertanian
Intensif
100 %
Segregasi
•
konservasi
Agroforestri
Kehutanan
Keterpaduan tutupan lahan di
tingkat lanskap
‘Fungsi
hutan
hilang’
Mosaik
100 %
Integrasi
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Contoh: Mosaik agroforestri
di desa Tulung Rejo, Kec.
Ngantang
Hutan
Alami
AFmulti
-strata
AF
seder
hana
Pinus/Maho
ni
monokultur
AFmulti
-strata
Milik PERHUTANI
Tan
semusim
Padi
sawah
Milik MASYARAKAT
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
.TRANSEK TOPOSEKUENS
A transect is a
diagram that is
produced during a
walking discussion
with villagers and
shows the key
features of different
land use zones in a
community. Transects
are particularly useful
when there is a range
of land use systems in
one community. This
is often the case
when communities
are located on the
coast, in hilly areas,
on rivers or lakes, or
in areas where soils
vary over short
distances.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012
Hutan
alami
Lahan pertanian
campuran (Agroforest )
padi
Agroforestri
sederhana
padi
Lanskap di Krui (Lampung Barat)
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Apa yang dimaksud dengan Batas dan
tepi?
• Lanskap yang
‘patchy’ (terpecahpecah)
• Zona di bagian tepi
yang membatasi 2
ekosistem disebut
‘batas’ yang
lingkungannya (mis.
cahaya yang
masuk) berbeda
dengan patch di
bagian dalam dan
bagian tepinya
•
Agroforestri
Tan .semusim
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Edges (batas tepian hutan)
The Edge Effect
The edge effect is a term used to describe the
various consequences on vegetative
communities.
These edges can be natural (woodland into heath
and creek passing through arid zones) or human
induced ( pasture next to forest and road through
rainforest). Species (flora & fauna) diversity and
numbers are affected by the human induced
edges. Managing edge effects can improve the
long term viability of a reserve.
•
Komposisi dan
struktur
biodiversitas
serta kondisi
iklim mikro
berbeda
dengan zona di
bagian dalam
Sumber: http://www.pbsregen.com.au/edge_effect.html……. Diunduh 10/12/2012
. Forest Edge effects include:
1. Micro-climatic changes; solar radiation, humidity, air
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
temperature, wind speed and soil temperature. Increase in
sunlight & air temperature raises soil temperature and decreases
soil moisture which can prevent seeds from shade tolerant
species from germinating. Existing vegetation will be put under
stress leading to dieback through wind damage, insect attack
etc.
Edge species; Rainforest plants will be replaces with species of
a wider tolerance range. Aggressive edge- dwelling species such
as the Noisy Miner will displace most to all other resident
species. Parrots & cockatoos use edges for perching and
nesting. Kangaroos and wallabies feed and move along edges.
Natural edges (ecotones) are often rich in species.
Increase in exotic fauna; Foxes, cats and dogs tend to move
and harbour along roads, tracks and cleared areas adjacent to or
in bushland. Edges improve access causing decline in native
fauna populations through predation and competition. Both
platypus and quoll have suffered from predation by foxes moving
along bush tracks.
Weed invasion; edges provide ideal locations for weed
establishment and invasion. Weeds seeds spread by wind, water,
animals, dumpings, vehicles, soil, RTA, councils, SRA, and
livestock are spread to and then from edges.
Adjacent land use (miss-use); chemical & fertiliser drift from
farmland, trampling & grazing by stock, altered fire regimes,
recreational use (big blokes in big machine etc), new tracks
creating changed hydrology with erosion and compaction.
Noise & movement; extra human activity has direct impacts on
native species. Wedge tailed Eagles will abandon nests because
of disturbance. Eastern Grey Kangaroos like the edge habitat so
the more edge the more kangaroos.
Diunduh dari: http://www.pbsregen.com.au/edge_effect.html ….. 10/12/2012
EDGE EFFECTS OF CORRIDORS
Corridors established in woodlands or grasslands can
create negative edge effects that extend into the
woodland or grassland.
Examples include open corridors cleared for roads in
woodlands and hedgerows established in grasslands.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
Key Considerations for Reducing Negative
Edge Effects
Negative edge effects include increased risk of parasitism or disease,
increased risk of predation, adverse microclimate conditions, and competition
from invasive species.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Locate corridors along existing edges and avoid fragmenting habitat patches.
Consolidate corridor uses to minimize fragmentation (e.g., combine road and
utility corridors).
In woodlands, create a dense, feathered edge with vegetation to reduce
penetration of edge effects.
Narrower corridors will generally have less edge effects into adjacent habitat.
If the landscape already consists of patches dominated by edge, a corridor will
probably not contribute additional negative impacts.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
Key Considerations for Reducing Negative
Edge Effects
These graphs provide a summary of documented edge
effects. These distances can be used for estimating the
zone of impact and for designing ways to reduce these
impacts.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012
Corridor: zona kecil
memanjang yang
menghubungkan 2 habitat,
dimana kondisinya berbeda
dengan kondisi ke 2 habitat
yang dihubungkan.
Hutan
alami
Agroforestri
= corridor
Lahan
pertanian
semusim
(Sumber: ICRAF 2009,
Singkarak)
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010.
Lahan
pertanian
semusim
Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Transek lereng dan alur sungai
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
FUNGSI AGROEKOSISTEM
• Fungsi Lahan pertanian dalam
konservasi biodiversitas:
o Complementary /
supplementary habitat
o Tempat bernaung
o Tempat mencari makan
Lahan pertanian dengan diversitas tanaman yang
tinggi  struktur lebih kompleks (mis.
Agroforestri )  berpeluang lebih besar untuk
konservasi biodiversitas dari ekosistem alami
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Belukar
Hutan
tanama
n
Photo: Kurniatun
Hairiah
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Maksimalisasi Tutupan Hijau Lahan dengan
Agroforestry
“Agroforestry” mencerminkan nama kolektif untuk sistem dan penggunaan
lahan, dimana tanaman keras berkayu (pepohonan, perdu, palem, bambu, dsb)
ditanam secara bersamaan dalam unit lahan yang sama dengan tanaman
pertanian dan/atau ternak, dengan tujuan tertentu, dalam bentuk pengaturan
ruang atau urutan waktu, dan
didalamnya terdapat interaksi ekologi dan ekonomi di antara berbagai
komponen yang bersangkutan.
Diunduh dari: http://tulisan-novan.blogspot.com/2011/09/maksimalisasi-tutupan-hijau-lahan.html…..
9/12/2012
WaNuLCAS a model of Water, Nutrient and Light Capture
in Agroforestry Systems
The WaNuLCAS model was developed to represent tree-soil-crop interactions
in a wide range of agroforestry systems where trees and crops overlap in
space and/or time (simultaneous and sequential agroforestry).
The model is based on above and below ground architecture of tree and crop,
elementary tree and crop physiology and soil science (daily water, N, P and
SOM balance for 4 soil layers and 4 horizontal zones).
Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af2/Wanulcas….. 9/12/2012
WaNuLCAS a model of Water, Nutrient and Light Capture
in Agroforestry Systems
The model is conceived as four layers of soil exploited by roots of two
components: a crop and a tree.
A simple vertical water balance is maintained on the basis of precipitation
entering the top layer and drainage leaving the bottom layer. Water leaching
downwards carries nutrients, based on the current average concentration in
soil solution.
Each layer of soil has its own potential uptake of water and nutrient; actual
uptake is based on a comparison of the summed potential uptake from all
layers and the current 'demand' as determined by the plant biomass.
Plant growth is limited by light supply as well as the minimum of relative
nutrient and relative water uptake. The two plants interact primarily via the
belowground resources and also by shading.
Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af2/Wanulcas….. 9/12/2012
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK
INTEGRATION
Nguyen Van So
National University of Ho Chi Minh City, College of Agriculture
and Forestry
Vietnam, 1998-09-01
Within the farming
system are the
household, crop,
animal, soil, weed,
insect, and other
subsystems. The
household, crop, and
animal subsystems are
integrated and
interdependent.
The household
provides labor and
management, crops
provide feed, and the
animals generate
power, manure, meat,
milk, and capital.
The farming system is
part of a larger
agroecosystem
composed of nonagricultural systems,
market and credit
systems, and other
farming systems.
The Interaction of the Three Sub-Systems
under an Agroforestry System
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110729150143&type_id=2 …..
9/12/2012
. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION
The Interdependent Elements of a Farming System
And Their Connection with Other Elements within the Agrosystem
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110729150143&type_id=2 …..
9/12/2012
Karakteristik utama Lanskap yang mempengaruhi pola dan diversitas
hewan dan tanaman (Harvey, 2007: Farming with Nature hal 148)
Komposisi
Struktur
Managemen
Konteks
regional
Land use saat ini
Patchy dari segi
ukuran dan
bentuk
Managemen
tanaman:
pengolahan tanah,
cara pemanenan,
rotasi tanaman,
Native
ecosystem,
biofical
characteristics
Floristic dan
komposisi
structural
Pengaturan
Ladang
secara spasial
penggembalaan dan
lahan pertanian – pengelolaan ternak
non pertanian
Lokasi relatif
terhadp
kawasan
konservasi
Land use
Letak patch antar
membentuk
native habitat
matriks pertanian (jarak,
pengaturan)
Pengendalian
tanaman atau
hewan penggangu
Temporal Land
Use change
Proporsi lanscape Tingkat
dengan native
konektivitas
vegetation
habitat native
dalam lanskap
pertanian
Degradasi dari
patch native
vegetation yang
tersisa
Sejarah
pertanian di
lanskap
Heterogenitas
Lanskap,
tepi/border
•
Temporal dynamics
of land use change
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
Macam lanskap
berdasar ketersediaan habitat alami
Macam
lanskap
% Hutan alami tersisa
1
Intact
> 90% habitat original (hutan alami)
2
Variegated
60-90% habitat original
3
Fragmented
10-60% habitat original
4
Relictual
< 10% hutan alami tersisa
Lahan-lahan pertanian umumnya termasuk
kategori ‘Fragmented’ atau ‘Relictual’ lanskap
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
MANAJEMEN LANDSEKAP
• Merawat habitat “non-crop” patch:
melalui peningkatan diversitas ,
kerapatan dan ukuran habitat noncrop patch
• Merawat dan mengembangkan
tumbuhan native (asli)
• Meningkatkan kerapatan dan variasi
tutupan lahan
• Mengupayakan lanskap selalu tertutup
tanaman
• Meminimalkan penggunaan bahanbahan kimia
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
.AGROEKOSISTEM PADI SAWAH
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan hasil padi dalam
ekosistem sawah.
The paddy ecosystem response models can be developed to predict changes
in rice growth and crop yields in response to climate change, incorporating
factors including water, soil, rice variety and cultivation conditions.
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/rp/eng/rp08.html ….. 9/12/2012
JARING-JARING MAKANAN DALAM EKOSISTEM
SAWAH.
The rice ecosystem, especially in the tropics, is a usually richly endowed with
a great diversity of generalist predators and parasitoids, which tend to be
more species specific.
As the rice habitat is an ephemeral habitat, most pest species that can cause
significant damages and yield losses are generally immigrants.
Many of these pest species are also specific rice feeders, monophagous or
oligophagous (limited host range).
Such specialization may be constrained by local host availability.
Trophic relationships in a rice ecosystem showing the importance of
detritivores and non crop vegetation components.
Diunduh dari: http://ricehoppers.net/2012/05/three-planks-for-ecological-engineering-for-rice-pestmanagement/ ….. 9/12/2012
PROSES MIKROBIA TANAH YANG MENGENDALIKAN
EMISI GAS METHAN DARI LAHAN SAWAH
Lahan sawah merupakan sumber gas methan yang sangat penting.
Methane is produced anaerobically after the flooding of rice fields, either from
acetate or hydrogen/carbon dioxide as substrate.
In contrast, methanotrophic microorganisms oxidize methane to carbon
dioxide in the presence of molecular oxygen in the root zone or at the air/water
interface, thus reducing the overall methane emissions to the atmosphere.
Microbial turnover of methane and transport pathways of gases in wetlands
Diunduh dari: http://www.ibp.ethz.ch/research/environmentalmicrobiology/research/Wetlands …..
9/12/2012
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
Paddy field ecosystem is composed of surface water, plowed soil layer and
subsoil, and the plowed soil layer is divided into two layers; thin oxidized soil
layer and reduced soil layer. These soil layers are connected by percolating
water.
The rice roots are developed and plant residues such as rice straw and
stubble after rice harvest are incorporated into the plowed soil layer.
These microsites are different habitats for microorganisms, and unique
microbial communities inhabit depending on the microsites.
Diunduh dari: http://www.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~soil/Soil_Biology_and_Chemistry-e/Researches.html …..
9/12/2012
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
1.
2.
3.
Better understand the paddy ecosystem response to climate change
Quantify the impacts of climate change on methane emission (feedback
effect)
Explore/test options to enhance adaptation/mitigation under future climate
conditions
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/outline/face/english/target_e.html….. 9/12/2012
.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH
FACE-N:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Free-Air CO2 Enrichment study for paddy rice with a focus on its effect on
nitrogen cycle
Further understand the paddy ecosystem response to climate change
through the interdependency of the carbon and nitrogen cycles
Quantify the N flow and the impacts of climate change on N2O and NH3
emissions
Develop a combined numerical models to describe the N cycle in the
paddy ecosystem.
FACE: Free Air CO2 Enrichment
Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/outline/face/english/target_e.html….. 9/12/2012
ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PADDY SOIL-RICE
SYSTEM IN ASIA
Kazutake Kyuma
Department of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture
2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone City, Japan 522, 1995-09-01 .
The paddy soil-rice
Schematic Diagram of Nitrogen Cycle in Paddy
system has efficient
Soil Ecosystem
nutrient replenishing
mechanisms.
Basic cations and silica
are supplied by irrigation
water, while biological
fixation works as an
inexhaustible source of N
in the system, and
phosphorus availability is
enhanced under anaerobic
conditions. This, along
with almost perfect
resistance to soil erosion,
gives the paddy rice
system high productivity
as well as high
sustainability.
To cope with an
increasing world
population, the paddy rice
system has to be
intensified by developing
the infrastructure for
irrigation and drainage,
and adopting high-input
technologies.
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110721171053&type_id=4 …..
9/12/2012
Persepsi petani: Kebun campuran meberikan hasil terus
menerus TANPA menurunkan kesuburan tanah, dan menurunkan
penggunaan pupuk kimia
•
Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB
.TUMPANGSARI
Practice crop rotation for the intercrops. Plant leguminous nitrogen-fixing
crops after grain crops to replenish losses from grain harvest.
Some legume crops improve nitrogen gains through symbiotic fixation.
Example of a crop sequence: mungbeancorn/rice-cowpea.
Practice crop rotation for the intercrops
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
Integrating local tree species into family farms
The local farmers' organization, have been gradually planting trees to create
"forests,, on sections of their own farms.
These "family forests are planted with exotic trees and a variety of local forest
species that traditionally provided the farm families with food, timber,
fuelwood, herbal medicines and other useful products.
The Hutan keluarga have evolved into highly varied systems in terms of
species composition and planting distances resulting from individual
preferences and selection of each household.
FAMILY FOREST = HUTAN KELUARGA
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off….. 9/12/2012
.LAHAN
PEKARANGAN
The pekarangan
(homegarden) is a
mixture of annual
crops, perennial
crops and animals
(including livestock)
in the area
surrounding a house.
It is an integrated
system with definite
boundaries that
serves a variety of
economic,
biophysical and
sociocultural
functions.
The homegarden
system originated in
Central Java and
spread to East and
West Java in the
middle of the
eighteenth century.
Kebun-talun and
homegardens in West
Java generate
relatively good
income and are good
sources of calcium,
vitamin A and vitamin
C.
A typical homegarden in West Java
A typical homegarden has a similar structure from
year to year, though there may be some seasonal
variations. The lowest two layers (up to 2 m in
height) are dominated by starchy food plants,
vegetables and spices. Cassava and ganyong
(Canna edulis) are the most common plants found
in the homegarden. The next layer (two to five
meters) is dominated by bananas, papayas and
other fruit trees. The five to ten meters layer is also
dominated by fruit trees or other cash crops, such
as cloves. The top layer, higher than 10 meters, is
dominated by coconut and other trees, e.g., Albizia,
for building materials and firewood.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off….. 9/12/2012
.KEBUN CAMPURAN
Development from garden to mixed garden to mixed tree garden
The economic value of the mixed garden is less than that of the garden, but the
biophysical value becomes higher. The diversified nature of the kebun
campuran also enhances soil and water conservation. Erosion in the talun
system is minimal, because undergrowth and litter are abundant. When the
undergrowth and litter are removed, erosion may increase substantially.
In the kebun campuran, shade-tolerant plants such as taro occupy the space
below one meter. Cassava forms the second layer from one to two meters
height and the third layer is occupied by bananas and trees.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
.STS = SISTEM TIGA STRATA
The three-strata
system
The three-strata
system is a method
of planting and
harvesting grasses,
legumes, shrubs and
trees in such a way
that animal fodder
will be available
throughout the year.
The practice was
developed by
households in the
island of Bali.
The first layer,
consisting of grasses
and legumes is
intended to supply
fodder at the
beginning of the wet
season.
The second layer,
The three-strata system divides a piece of land
consisting of shrubs,
into three parts: nucleus; blanket; boundary.
is to supply fodder in The nucleus is maintained for food production.
the middle and the
The blanket is divided into a number of
end of the wet
compartments, with each compartment
season. The third
cultivated with various grasses and legumes.
layer, comprised of
trees, is to supply
Diunduh
dari:the
http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off
….. 9/12/2012
fodder
during
dry
.
Rice terraces-forest agroforestry system
A series of bench terraces is constructed along steep mountainsides and rice
is planted throughout the year.
Irrigation is provided through a network of canals along dikes which originate
from natural springs emanating from small forest stands celled pinugo. These
are managed and protected by Ifugaos based on a set of tribal laws.
Advantages : Sustainable; Steep slopes are put to productive use.
Limitations : Laborious to establish and maintain; Limited to areas where there
are natural springs.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012
THE COFFEE ECOSYSTEM
The coffee ecosphere consists of all living things, all inorganic materials and
physical forces interacting with one another.
Understanding the coffee ecosphere aids in unraveling the energy flows,
deciphering the interactions between living things and the environment, the
transfer of food, the flow of energy and the exchange of inorganic nutrients
and organic compounds. The coffee grid in turn depends upon the delicate
balance of ecological processes for the fulfillment of its needs.
The coffee ecosystem closely interacts with the BIOTIC (LIVING) & the
ABIOTIC (NON-LIVING) environment.
PRODUCERS OR AUTOTROPHS: These are the green plants with the
help of chlorophyll prepare their own food. Since, green plants or
producers convert solar energy into chemical energy, they are
sometimes referred to as transducers of energy.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ineedcoffee.com/05/ecodynamic/….. 9/12/2012
SHADE EFFECT ON COFFEE PRODUCTION AT THE NORTHERN TZELTAL
ZONE OF THE STATE OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO
Lorena Soto-Pinto, Ivette Perfecto, Juan Castillo-Hernandez, Javier Caballero-Nieto
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Vol. 80, Issues 1–2, August 2000, Pages 61–69
A typical coffee stand profile from Chilón Mexico.
The shade cover percentage and coffee shrub density had significant effects
on yields.
Coffee density had a significant effect on yields but shade tree density had no
effect. Coffee cultivar, age of coffee stand, species richness, shade tree
density, basal area, slope and aspect did not have significant effects on coffee
yields. Shade tree cover had a positive effect between 23 and 38% shade cover
and yield was then maintained up to 48%. Production may decrease under
shade cover >50%.
A total of 61 shade species were found, with an average density of 260 trees
per hectare, the majority of them being indigenous species, used as food,
construction materials and as firewood.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880900001341 ….. 9/12/2012
Exploring farmer knowledge of soil processes in
organic coffee systems of Chiapas, Mexico
J.M. Grossman.
Geoderma. Volume 111, Issues 3–4, February 2003, Pages 267–287
Lengas
tanah
Kompo
s
Farmers had an excellent
understanding of the transformation
from leaf material to soil and a good
understanding of mineralization;
however, the role of moisture
influence, nutrient uptake, and soil
organisms was not well understood.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706102002689….. 9/12/2012
A coffee agroecosystem model: I. Growth and
development of the coffee plant
Daniel Rodríguez, José Ricardo Cure, José Miguel Cotes, Andrew
Paul Gutierrez, Fernando Cantor.
Ecological Modelling Volume 222, Issue 19, 10 October 2011, Pages
3626–3639
The main
elements of
the metabolic
pool model
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380011004200….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWIT
SIKLUS HIDROLOGI
DI KEBUN SAWIT
Diunduh dari: http://www.journaltocs.hw.ac.uk/ ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWIT
DISTRIB
USI
BORON
DI
KEBUN
SAWIT
Diunduh dari: http://www.aarsb.com.my/AgroMgmt/OilPalm/Nutrition/Result.html ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWIT
Neraca Kalium di Kebun
Sawit
Diunduh dari: http://www.journaltocs.hw.ac.uk/ ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN KARET
Diunduh dari: https://surumer.uni-hohenheim.de/90850?L=1 ….. 9/12/2012
AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN KARET
Sustainable
Rubber
Cultivation in
the Mekong
Region:
Development
of an
integrative
land-use
concept in
Yunnan
Province,
China.
Interactions
within the
socioecological
system
related to
ecosystem
functions and
services of
land use.
Rubber monocultures reduce agro-biodiversity of traditional
land use systems and affect pollinator services for relevant
food crops. In addition, expansion of rubber cultivation
results in losses of natural biodiversity at landscape and
species level due to the reduction of tropical forest areas,
which represent a biodiversity hotspot of global importance
in the target region.
Diunduh dari: https://surumer.uni-hohenheim.de/91083?L=1 ….. 9/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving
Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity: Implications
for China
Fusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
The interactions in the
rhizosphere exert an efficient
utilization of nutrient and
water through trade-off of
facilitation and competition
between plant species.
(A) Plant growth affected by
rhizosphere interactions
in wheat/maize/faba-bean
intercropping systems,
showing an evident
interspecific facilitation of
nutrient uptake and crop
growth between fababean and maize, but
interspecific competition
between wheat and maize;
(B) Rhizosphere acidification
in the rhizosphere of fababean which is imbedded
in an agar medium
containing bromocresolpurple as a pH indicator.
Light or yellow color
indicates acidification (pH
4.0);
(C) Rhizosphere alkalinization
in the rhizosphere of
Diunduh dari:maize
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X
….. 10/12/2012
(pH 7.5).
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving
Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity: Implications
for China
Fusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Strategies for rhizosphere management based on manipulation of main
components and processes in the rhizosphere ecosystem including plant
species/genotype, root system growth, rhizosphere environment, rhizosphere
microbes, and rhizosphere interactions via intercropping and rotation.
The above photos show performance of a P-efficient maize genotype with great
root system (left) and a P-inefficient genotype with small root system (right).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving
Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity: Implications
for China
Fusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Pathway of
rhizosphere
management in
cropping systems
throughout the entire
crop growth period.
(A)Synchronizing
rhizosphere nutrient
supply with crop
demands spatially
and temporally at a
critical level of
nutrient supply in the
rhizosphere, and thus
maximizing the
efficiency of
root/rhizosphere in
nutrient mobilization
and acquisition;
(B) Enhancing root
growth at early stages
and promoting
mobilization of soil
nutrients at later
stages.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving
Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity: Implications
for China
Fusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping
Chen.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32
Rhizosphere management based on mechanisms of nutrient
mobilization and uptake from soil by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012
Comparative proteomic analysis for assessment of the
ecological significance of maize and peanut
intercropping
Hongchun Xiong, Hongyun Shen, Lixia Zhang, Yanxiang Zhang, Xiaotong Guo,
Pengfei Wang, Penggen Duan, Chunqiao Ji, Lina Zhong, Fusuo Zhang,
Yuanmei Zuo.
Journal of Proteomics. Available online 24 October 2012
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Intercropping significantly improves iron nutrition of peanut in calcareous
soils.
The ecological significance of intercropping was uncovered by
proteomics.
The photosynthesis-related proteins were higher accumulated in
intercropped peanut.
Lower abundance of stress responsive proteins was observed in
intercropping.
Intercropping improves the ecological adaptation of plants to
environmental stress.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874391912007087….. 10/12/2012
ALLEY CROPPING = PERTANAMAN SISTEMLORONG
This system has been widely researched and is most
applicable to agricultural systems in sub-humid
regions.
Alley cropping systems are created by planting single or multiple tree rows at a wide
spacing.
This creates alleys where agricultural or horticultural crops are planted. High-value
hardwoods such as oak, walnut, and ash are typically grown in alley cropping
systems.
Short rotation biomass species can also be incorporated into the design. The cost of
waiting for financial return on the long-term investment in trees is offset by annual
income provided from the row crops in the alleys and fruits (nuts) from the trees.
Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/afnotes/gen-1/index.html….. 9/12/2012
ANALISIS
AGROEKOSISTEM
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM (AEA).
.
ANALISIS agroecosystem merupakan
analisis tentang lingkungan pertanian
yang meliputi aspek-aspek ecology,
sociology, economics, dan politik.
An agroecosystem analysis approach might
be used to determine the sustainability of an
agricultural system.
It has become apparent, however, that the
"sustainability" of the system depends
heavily on the definition of sustainability
chosen by the observer.
The Agroecosystem analysis is used to bring the
richness of the true complexity of agricultural systems
to an analysis to identify reconfigurations of the
system (or holon) that will best suit individual
situations.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem_analysis….. 8/12/2012
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
.
Agro-ecosystem analysis (AEA) is a methodology for zoning and
analysing agricultural systems in order to plan and prioritise
research and development activities in the fields of agriculture and
natural resource management.
It uses a holistic or systems approach to gather bio-physical and
socio-economic information and, within the ecosystem, to identify
key issues or problems that will be useful for rural development,
extension and research programmes.
The main reasons for conducting AEA are to:
1. Describe upland land-use systems of selected study areas.
2. Identify, demarcate and map agro-ecological zones of selected study
areas.
3. Describe the physical and socio-economic characteristics and
conditions of agroecological or forestry zones identified.
4. Identify agricultural, forestry and socio-economic issues and
problems existing in the zones so that they can be addressed by
extension or research programmes.
5. Provide district authorities with information that can be used to plan
development activities to address poverty.
6. Strengthen district skills and capacities in agro-ecological zoning and
rural development planning.
7. Match available agricultural and forestry technology options with
identified agricultural sub-systems or recommendation domains.
8. Promote co-operation and linkages between research and
development.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
PROSEDUR AEA
AEA is based on the concepts of systems, hierarchies,
agro-ecosystem zones, and the system properties of
productivity, stability, sustainability and equitability.
THE AEA follows a step-by-step procedure to decide on
the purpose of the analysis, to define precisely the
system(s) of study, identify its boundaries, its position in
the hierarchy of other systems and its major components
and their key interactions.
As an understanding of the system is developed, a
limited number of key issues begin to emerge which are
then used to guide later analysis and to plan further
follow-up studies in the field.
As these issues are clarified and understood, key
questions and hypotheses are proposed, elaborated and
used to identify research and extension priorities.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
.OUTPUT AEA
The most important and useful outputs that AEA
provides are:
1. The delineation and description (biophysical
and socio-economic) of distinct agroecological zones at the agro-ecosystem level
chosen, i.e. District or Development Area.
2. An improved, holistic understanding of the
major farming and livelihood systems of each
zone.
3. A prioritised list of important problems and
opportunities for each zone.
4. A prioritised set of research, extension and
development proposals to solve the problems.
5. Enhanced interdisciplinary cooperation and
improved research and extension linkages.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
AEA uses a variety of tools to assist with the analysis of
space, time, flow and decision- making. Many are similar to
PRA tools and all emphasise simplicity, participation and
objectivity.
Transect diagrams
(space analysis
tool)
Transect diagrams are
used to describe and
compare each agroecological zone
according to a number of
key agro-ecological and
socio-economic
parameters. Transects
help to ensure that all
relevant information is
collected and clearly
organised for each agroecological zone;
they also assist in the
analysis by facilitating
comparisons and
identifying important
relationships among the
zones.
Historical profiles
(time analysis tool):
Historical profiles or 'timelines'
are used to
identify key events and analyse
changes and trends over the
longer term. They review major
occurrences over a number of
decades and usually rely heavily
on local knowledge.
Their purpose is twofold: firstly,
to try to identify longer-term
trends, for example changes in
forest cover, trends in rice
yields, changes in livelihood
systems, etc. Secondly, they are
used to assess the robustness
of the agro-ecosystem to major
perturbations such as
flood/drought, pest outbreaks,
market-price fluctuations, etc.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2.2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10--4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-800&a=d&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH012b7a70e5e4e0a26a903e7e.6.6 ….. 8/12/2012
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Landscape position of riparian wetlanda in the piedmont and coastal
plain of North Carolina.
The landscape position of a riparian-type wetland is shown schematically
in figure .
Drainage water leaving either rural or urban uplands must pass through
the riparian area before reaching the stream.
During that journey, chemical, physical, and biological processes in the
riparian area have the opportunity to alter the quality of the water reaching
the stream.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html …….. 10/12/2012
TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.
Trapping Sediment and
Phosphorus
It is found that riparian
wetlands remove large
amounts of sediment and
phosphorus from surface
runoff.
The figure shows the dense
vegetative growth usually
present at the field-forest
edge of riparian areas.
This growth slows the flow of
the surface water, depositing
much of the coarser
sediment, as shown
schematically in figure.
As the water moves further
through the wetland into the
higher-order streams and
finally into the floodplain
swamp, the texture of the
deposited sediments
becomes finer and finer. By
the time it reaches the
floodplain swamp, the
sediment layer is extremely
thin and consists mostly of
clay-sized particles.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html …….. 10/12/2012
TIME-ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
The figure shows a
timeline for a 12week FFS that is
synchronized with a
planting season to
start a week after
transplanting.
Diunduh
dari: http://www.fao.org/
docrep/005/ac834e/ac834
e05.htm ….. 8/12/2012
A simplified
diagram of
the
population
dynamics of
the species
studied.
Sumber:
http://www.di
asfilho.com/a
bstra1.htm
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Venn diagrams
(decision analysis
tool):
Venn diagram showing the proportion of men
who disclosed perpetration of different types
of rape.
Venn diagrams are
used to analyse
relationships among
agro-ecosystem
communities, and
projects and agencies
providing support to
them.
They are useful in
identifying potential
development partners
or detecting where
inter-agency
cooperation could be
improved.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S02
In Venn diagrams,
77953606003832
overlapping circles
represent good
cooperation, touching
circles represent some
cooperation and nontouching circles
represent
poor
or no
Diunduh dari:
www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf
….. 8/12/2012
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
Diagram Venn yang menun jukkan jumlah dan
persentase sampel rumahtangga petani (n = 177)
yang menggunakan benih jagung lokal, modernhibrida dan daur-ulang.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919212000528….. 10/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Kalender Musiman
(time analysis tool):
Seasonal calendars are also
used
to analyse time related
changes
for each agro-ecosystem, but
over the shorter term (withinyear).
Climate, cropping patterns,
major agricultural
operations,
labour use, price
movements,
social activities, etc. are presented by month so that
comparisons can be made and
key
periods identified.
Diagram Alir
(flow analysis tool):
Flow diagrams are used to
analyse the flow of materials
, money , information ,
labour , etc. both from
outside and within the
system.
Flows occur both up and
down the hierarchy, i.e. from
village to district to province,
and from one agroecosystem zone to another ,
e.g. grazing cattle migration
from zone to zone in
different seasons. Various
schematic means of
representing these flows
exist and can be selected
according to participants'
needs and capacities.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
KALENDER MUSIMAN AGROEKOSISTEM.
The seasonal calendar is a tool and not simply a product.
Once it is completed it should be used as the basis for discussion about
the variables included within it. Seasonal calendars are easy to record.
Notes on the discussions of the calendars should also be made.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012
BAGAN ALIR ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
The
relationships
between
agronomic and
environmental
factors
affecting soil,
plant, crop and
animal health.
(WUE = water
use efficiency)
Diunduh dari:
http://vro.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/soil_health_mis7898_3 …..
8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Problem-cause diagrams
(decision analysis tool):
Problem-cause diagrams or 'problem-solution
trees' are used to analyse the causes of problems,
identify the linkages between them, understand
the way farmers cope with the problem, and
identify appropriate solutions.
Problem diagrams begin with a broad statement
of the overall problem, which is then broken down
into component problems, and eventually the root
causes; these are then examined to identify
farmer responses to the problem, and finally,
alternative solutions are proposed.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
.
The Cause and Effect Diagram
The Cause and Effect Diagram is also referred as Fishbone Diagram is a
graphical technique that can be employed in teams to distinguish and arrange
the reasons of an event or outcome or problem.
It graphically illustrates the stratified relationship among the causes as per
their level of significance or item and a given outcome.
It is also known as Ishikawa Diagram.
Diunduh dari: http://www.expertsmind.com/learning/cause-and-effect-diagram-assignment-help7342872284.aspx….. 10/12/2012
KOMPONEN ANALISIS
AGROEKOSISTEM.
Perkebunan pisang sebagai suatu Agroekosistem.
(Source: C. E. Hernandez and S. G. Witter, 'Evaluating and managing the
environmental impact of banana production in Costa Rica', Ambio, 25
(1996), p173.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.myspace.com/banana_salvery ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Tabel Ciri-ciri Sistem
(system properties analysis tool):
Empat ciri-ciri agroekosistem adalah:
productivity, stability, sustainability dan
equitability, dianalisis dengan menggunakan
alat bantu Tabel - Ciri-ciri - Sistem.
Analysis proceeds by listing those attributes of
the agro-ecosystem, which have positive and
negative effects on the four system properties,
and explaining the way this occurs.
This identification of the important elements in
each system encourages a more balanced
analysis than the traditional focus on productivity
would provide.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Ranking Berpasangan
(Alat untuk menyusun prioritas):
Ranking berpasangan ini dapat digunakan
untuk menyusun ranking secara obyektif
isu-isu, problematik dan solusi-solusi.
Objectivity is improved if multidisciplinary
groups conduct the ranking, as it then
incorporates a variety of different perspectives and points of view.
Pairwise ranking proceeds by listing the
problems to be compared, and then
comparing each problem with every other
problem, in turn. When all comparisons have
been completed, the scores are totalled to
provide a ranking of the relative importance
of each.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA
Pendugaan Dampak
Once proposed solutions to the key
problems have been generated by AEA,
a simple assessment technique can be
used to assess the impact of each
proposed solution on important crosscutting issues such as gender, poverty
and the environment.
Hasil pendugaan dampak ini digunakan
untuk memodifikasi setiap alternatif
solusi (proyek) guna memaksimumkan
dampak positif dan meminimumkan
dampak negatifnya.
Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012
KOMPONEN ANALISIS
AGROEKOSISTEM.
Pada tingkat ekosistem dapat digunakan Metode Pemodelan dan GIS untuk
menganalisis struktur damn manajemen sistem.
Population models must be built up from the individual physiological and
behavioural level and be driven by soil factors and weather.
Policy issues must include social science components impinging on the
agroecosystem structure and function.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/TAC/Y4847E/y4847e07.htm….. 8/12/2012
ASPEK-ASPEK PENTING DALAM
ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.
1. Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menentukan
konfigurasi agroecosystem ?
2. How does one quantify the sustainability of
the farm holon (economic, social, political,
ecological and/or other)?
3. How does the farmer or farm family
perceive an agroecosystem?
4. What is the farmer doing now, and how do
those practices or actions affect the
viability of the agroecosystem?
5. Can the farmer maintain his livelihood
continuing with current practices?
6. What does the farmer value and where do
those values come from?
7. Apakah petani mempertimbangkan
konfigurasi usahatani alternatif?
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem_analysis….. 8/12/2012
. NERACA HARA PADA AGROECOSYSTEM
Plant Nutrient Balances in the Asian and Pacific Region - the Consequences
for Agricultural Production.
Ernst W. Mutert.
FOOD AND FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY CENTER
Ternak
Seresah panen
Hasil Tanaman
Tanaman
Kehilangan
N:
Tanah
Pencucian
Gas N2
Erosi tanah
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110722054313&type_id=4…..
8/12/2012
KAJIAN KESEHATAN AGROEKOSISTEM
Proses Penelitian
Mencari
solusi:
Negosiasi &
Pengambilan
-keputusan
Analisis
stakeholder dan
kelembagaan:
Rekonstruksi
Sistem:
Kekuasaan,
Pengambilan
keputusan,
Perspektif
Sintesis
Sistem
Analisis
Issu
Dekonstruksi
Sistem:
Analisis
sistem
Model
subsistem
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15
May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage…..
THE AMOEBA READING
The basic idea of the amoeba reading is to provide a graphic
representation of system performance as assessed over a
certain number of aspects/qualities that cannot be expressed
as a function of the others.
Amoeba reading applied to a subsistence farming household.
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15
May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage…..
8/12/2012
THE AMOEBA READING
The basic idea of the amoeba reading is to provide a graphic
representation of system performance as assessed over a
certain number of aspects/qualities that cannot be expressed
as a function of the others.
Amoeba reading applied to a farming household in a developed
country.
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15
May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage…..
8/12/2012
Model AGRO-ECOSYSTEM
Nilai
Produk
Subsidi
Output
agroekosistem
Amenitas
ekologis
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15
May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage…..
.MODEL AGROEKOSISTEM
Output agroekosistem berupa jasa-jasa amenitas,
produk dan limbah.
Lingkungan eksternal dan aktyivitas manusia
mempengaruhi tipe, kualitas dan kuantitas output
melalui “subsidi” kepada sistem.
The external environment and the human activity system
influence the type, quality and quantity of output through
subsidy to the system.
The more detailed models can be used to study system
behaviour in terms of various ecosystem health attributes
(and hence indicators).
Karakteristik sistem, seperti integritas, adaptabilitas,
effisiensi, effectivitas, resiliensi, produktivitas,
stabilitas dan equitas pada berbagai kondisi biasanya
beragam sesuai dengan perilaku sistem.
Values taken by attributes under these conditions will be
taken as reflecting system thresholds, targets and ranges.
Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15
May 1998
Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage…..
HIERARKHI AGRO-EKOSISTEM
Dimensi
ekologis
Dimensi
Sosial
Diunduh dari: http://www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new3%29.pdf ….. 10/12/2012
PENUTUP
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lanskap pertanian 
menguntungkan semua
organisma termasuk manusia
baik jangka pendek maupun
jangka panjang!
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