Transcript NATURAL RESOURCES & CONSERVATION

Bahan kajian pada MK. PSDAL
KONSERVASI
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
DAN
LINGKUNGAN
Diabstraksikan oleh:
Soemarno, psdl-ppsub - Malang 2013
KONSERVASI
SUMBERDAYA
HUTAN
SUMBERDAYA HUTAN
A forest is a community of trees, shrubs, herbs, and
associated plants and organisms that cover a considerable
area that use oxygen, water and soil nutrients as the
community attains maturity and reproduces itself.
Forest ecosystems are the combination of species, geology, topography, and
climate tied together by physical and biotic processes specific to any one site,
and most importantly occupied by trees as the dominant vegetation. A forest
ecosystem may be as small as a tree branch microsite where mosses,
insects, and microscopic organisms interact or as large as the boreal forest
that encircles the Earth at northern latitudes.
Diagram of various components that comprise forest ecosystems in the
United States. Illustration courtesy of Peter Kolb, University of Montana.
Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/33599/forest-ecosystems …………. 27/12/2012
SUMBERDAYA HUTAN
Ecology is the scientific study of the relationship of living
things to one another and to their environment.
EKOLOGI HUTAN?
Forests provide a number of services for humanity, including carbon
sequestering as illustrated in this diagram. Sadly, the worlds
rainforests have already been reduced by 55% resulting in more
carbon in the atmosphere (not to mention loss of biodiversity ect).
(Source: (Hay, 2008) Image:
http://www.tececo.com/sustainability.role_soil_sequestration.php?print)
Diunduh dari: http://envirorhi.wordpress.com/2012/05/02/ecosystem-good-and-services/ ……….
27/12/2012
NERACA AIR DAN NERACA
ENERGI …. POHON….
Precipitation (P) is any and all forms of water that fall from
clouds and reach the ground. Runoff (R) is the water from
precipitation that is not absorbed into the soil, but flows and
reaches a stream or another body of water.
Evapotranspiration (E) is water evaporating from wet
surfaces and the soil plus the water release of plants.
Diunduh dari Sumber:
SUMBERDAYA HUTAN
HUTAN
Ecology is the study of the complex interactions
between the organic and inorganic elements of a
forest ecosystem.
Ekosistem hutan: organisme, tanah, udara dan
air yang berhubungan dengan hutan.
Ekosistem hutan jati pada musim
kemarau tegakan jatinya
menggugurkan daun-daun untuk
meminimumkan evapotranspirasi
SUMBERDAYA HUTAN
A Forest Ecosystem Is
“Interdependent”
1. Meaning that every organism depends on
every other living and nonliving element of the
system.
2. Living components of the forest = producers
(able to make food), consumers (eats other
producers and consumers), and
decomposers (break down organic material).
3. Non-living components = soil, water and
climate.
Diunduh dari: …………. 27/12/2012
SUMBERDAYA HUTAN
HUTAN KOTA SEBAGAI HABITAT
BURUNG
Salah satu satwa liar yang dapat
dikembangkan di wilayah perkotaan
adalah burung.
Beberapa manfaat dari satwa ini adalah
(1) membantu mengendalikan serangga
hama,
(2) membantu penyerbukan bunga,
(3) mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi,
(4) memiliki suara yang khas,
menimbulkan suasana yang
menyenangkan,
(5) atraksi rekreasi,
(6) sumber plasma nutfah,
(7) obyek pendidikan dan penelitian.
Diunduh dari: …………. 27/12/2012
SUMBERDAYA HUTAN
• Perennial woody plants
• Grow upright with single
stems and have their
roots anchored in soil
• Must have the ability to
reach at least 20ft or
more in height
• The single trunk should
be unbranched for at
least several feet above
the ground
• Specimen must have a
sizeable crown.
EMPAT BAGIANUTAMA POHON
• CROWN- where the tree increases each
year in height and spread of branches by
adding on a new growth of twigs.
• LEAVES- make up the crown and produce
food for the tree (photosynthesis).
• TRUNK- supports the crown and
produces the majority of the tree’s useful
wood.
• ROOTS- anchors the tree, absorbs and
stores water and nutrients.
Diunduh dari: …………. 27/12/2012
PROFIL TEGAKAN HUTAN
BAGAIMANA POHON
TUMBUH ?
• Heartwood- the supporting column of
inactive (dead) gap-wood which gives
the trunk strength and stiffness.
• Sapwood (xylem)- new layers of wood
that transports water and nutrients
from roots to the leaves.
• Cambium- microscopic layer of cells
where growth takes place.
• Inner bark (phloem)- carries food made
in leaves down to the branches, trunk
and roots.
• Outer bark- hold in moisture and
protects the tree from insects and
disease, excessive heat and cold, and
mechanical injury.
Diunduh dari: …………. 27/12/2012
• All trees compete for the same basic requirement
of life – light, water, essential elements, oxygen,
and other necessities.
• The species that are better able to gather those
requirements will out-compete others.
Diunduh dari: http://biocharfarms.org/farming/ …………. 27/12/2012
•
•
Broadleaved or hardwood trees are better able to compete and
grow on deeper, heavier, more productive soils.
The needle-leaved trees or conifers do better on poorer, lighter
textured soils.
Vertical mulching is an excellent technique used to partially alleviate soil
compaction within the critical root zones of trees. Soil compaction is harmful
as it reduces the amount of pore space in the soil normally filled by oxygen
(micro-pores) and water (macro-pores). Vertical mulching will also lessen
damage due to excessive water, preserve necessary aeration during wet
periods, allow sub-soil water penetration during dry periods, and promote the
formation of fine feeder roots.
Diunduh dari: http://0.tqn.com/d/forestry/1/0/_/m/root_zone.jpg …………. 27/12/2012
Ekosistem Hutan selalu berubah, tidak
pernah berhenti proses perubahannya!
1. Natural changes: fire, storms, drought, flood,
death and disease
2. Man-made changes: harvesting, farming, trails,
recreation and development
Penahan Angin
Hutan kota mempunyai kemampuan
mengurangi kecepatan aliran angin
kencang hingga 75-80%.
Persyaratan jenis pohon untuk keperluan
ini adalah (1) memiliki dahan yang kuat,
biasanya berat jenis kayunya > 0.4, (2)
daunnya tidak mudah rontok oleh
terpaan angin, (3) akarnya menghunjam
kuat masuk ke dalam tanah, (4)
mempunyai kerapatan yang cukup (5060%).
Diunduh dari: …………. 27/12/2012
Suksesi Komunitas
• These changes are known as disturbances and spark the
process called succession.
• Succession is the gradual change in plants and animal
communities over time.
– Primary succession occurs in an area that has no true soil.
Pioneer species are the first plants to grow at these barren
sites.
– Secondary succession occurs on landscapes where the natural
vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil remains
intact.
SUKSESI SEKUNDER
Diunduh dari: http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-90130/Secondary-succession-takes-placefollowing-a-major-disturbance-such-as …………. 27/12/2012
Apa itu Toleransi ?
• Tree species that first colonize an area are usually shadeintolerant species and must have full sunlight to do well.
(pines, black locust, black cherry, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, blackgum,
sassafrass, and sumac)
• Once they have developed some sun coverage the shadetolerant species will begin to grow and eventually take over
the canopy.
(oaks, hickories, and American beech)
CRITICAL FACTORS AND TOLERANCE LIMITS
Every living organism has limits to the environmental conditions it
can endure.
Environmental factors must be within appropriate levels for life to
persist.
Temperature
Moisture levels
Nutrient supply
Soil and water chemistry
Living space
Leibig's Law of Minimum: In 1840, Justus von Liebig proposed
that the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand is the
critical determinant in the distribution of that species.
Sheldford's Law of Tolerance: Victor Shelford later expanded
Liebig's principal by stating that each environmental factor has
both minimum and maximum levels called tolerance limits beyond
which a particular species cannot survive.
Diunduh dari: http://zoology.muohio.edu/oris/zoo121/notes/envs2003_07.htm …………. 27/12/2012
Apa itu SUKSESI ?
Suksesi selalu terjadi
1.
2.
3.
Succession ensures the continuation of the forest by allowing
other species the chance to grow and helps to increase the forest’s
biodiversity.
Biodiversity is the species richness or variability among species in
a given ecosystem.
When an area is rich in native species is encourages other native
animals and insects to inhabit that area, this in turn makes the
ecosystem stronger.
When forests are strong they are better able to withstand and
recover from stress the outside environment imposes.
A specific critical factor that, more than any other, may determine
the abundance and distribution of a species in a given area.
Cold intolerance in the Giant saguaro cactus
Salt and temperature tolerance in egg and juvenile desert pupfish
Sometimes the requirements and tolerances of species are useful
indicators of specific environmental characteristics
The presence or absence of these environmental indicators can tell
us something about the community and ecosystem as a whole.
Diunduh dari: http://zoology.muohio.edu/oris/zoo121/notes/envs2003_07.htm …………. 27/12/2012
Pohon menempati semua strata
dalam hutan !
: formed by the branches and leaves
from the tallest trees
: the middle layer where shorter trees
and shrubs grow.
: is the third layer where trees begin
as seedlings. Tree roots also make
up this layer that hold onto to soil and
organic matter so that grasses, ferns,
fungi, decaying plants and logs,
microorganisms and animals may
flourish.
Diunduh dari: …………. 27/12/2012
Klasifikasi Pohon
Trees can be classified according to the position they occupy in
the forest canopy or understory. Such as system measures how
well a tree has grown relative to its closet competitors.
(Trees that get the most sunlight generally grow fastest).
Ada lima kelas Tajuk Pohon sbb.
How trees produce and use energy for growth and
maintenance. Illustrations courtesy of Peter Kolb, University
of Montana.
Diunduh dari: …………. 27/12/2012
Kelas-kelas tajuk pohon :
– Dominant – have tops that rise above the
general canopy level. They receive full sunlight
from above and all sides.
– Co-dominant – These trees make up the
canopy level. Their crowns get full sunlight
from above, but dominant and other codominate trees restrict some side sunlight.
– Intermediate – These trees also occupy the
average canopy level, but receive sunlight only
from above.
– Suppressed – These are trees that receive no
direct overhead or side sunlight. They are
usually are slow growing and are weak.
– Dead trees (snags) – These can be found in the
canopy, understory or forest floor.
Diunduh dari: …………. 27/12/2012
If uninterrupted, succession will lead to
the “climax" community.
Climax Community- a point in succession where the
overstory trees are replaced by younger trees of the
same species and have reached equilibrium.
URBAN Tree Risk Checklist
Consider these questions:
1. Are there large, dead branches in the tree?
2. Are there detached branches hanging in the tree?
3. Does the tree have cavities or rotten wood along the
trunk or in major branches?
4. Are mushrooms present at the base of the tree?
5. Are there cracks or splits in the trunk or where branches
are attached?
6. Have any branches fallen from the tree?
7. have adjacent trees fallen over or died?
8. Has the trunk developed a strong lean?
9. Do many of the major branches arise from one point on
the trunk?
10. Have the roots been broken off, injured, or damaged by
lowering the soil level, installing pavement, repairing
sidewalks, or digging trenches?
11. Has the site recently been changed by construction,
raising the soil level, or installing lawns?
12. Have the leaves prematurely developed an unusual color
or size?
13. Have trees in adjacent wooded areas been removed?
14. Has the tree been topped or otherwise heavily pruned?
Diunduh dari: http://blog.aboveandbeyond-treeservice.com/ …………. 27/12/2012
Hutan Climax
• Typically, climax forests are dominated by shade-tolerant
species.
• In the Northern Hardwood Forest, the climax community is
made up of sugar maple, American beech, and hemlock.
• In this example American Linden or Basswood precedes the
climax stage and is said to be the “sub-climax” tree.
DEFECTS IN URBAN TREES
The following are defects or signs of possible defects in
urban trees:
1. Regrowth from topping, line clearance, or other
pruning
2. Electrical line adjacent to tree
3. Broken or partially attached branches
4. Open cavity in trunk or branch
5. Dead or dying branches
6. Branches arising from a single point on the trunk
7. Decay and rot present in old wounds
8. Recent change in grade or soil level, or other
construction.
Diunduh dari: http://blog.aboveandbeyond-treeservice.com/ …………. 27/12/2012