Transcript File - Bowie Academic Chemistry Resources

TAKS Review
Ecology
Basic Terms
• Ecology  the study of interactions among
organisms and between organisms and their
environment
• Biotic factors  living or once living parts of the
environment
• Abiotic factors  non-living parts of the
environments (light, wind, water)
• Sun: main source of energy for life
• Biotic or Abiotic?
Practice Question
The table lists four groups of factors found in a particular
ecosystem. Which group consists of only abiotic factors?
F Group 1
G Group 2
H Group 3
J Group 4
H
Levels of Organization
Food Web or Food Chain?
Food Web or Food Chain?
Food Web or Food Chain?
Energy is passed from the PRODUCERS (algae) to four
different levels of CONSUMERS. Remember the arrows
show the direction of ENERGY flow
Practice Question
Plants Aphids Spiders Sparrows
In this food chain, the spiders areA. Producers
B. Primary consumers
C. Competitors
D. Secondary consumers
D
Energy Pyramid
How much energy
gets passed on
from one level to
the next?
C’mon…do the math
10%
Energy Pyramid
Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level
gets passed on to the next.
That means 90% of the energy is lost!!!
How?
Energy is lost in the form
of kinetic energy
(movement, maintaining
homeostasis and
metabolism) and heat.
Biomass Pyramid
Same idea as the energy
pyramid, but measures the dry
mass of organisms found at a
given trophic level. Guess how
much biomass is passed on to the
next trophic level…….
10%
10% Rule
Each trophic level harvests only
about 1/10 (or 10%) of the
energy from the level below, so
it can only support about one
tenth (or 10%) the amount of
living tissue.
Practice Question
At which trophic level in a
biomass pyramid, like
the one above, are
producers found?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
1 and 2
A
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Practice Question
The diagram represents a pyramid of biomass. Which of
the following best explains why a pyramid shape is
useful in this representation?
D
A Most of the food consumed is recycled
at every trophic level.
B Energy from the producers is equally
distributed in all trophic levels.
C Decomposers receive a small amount of
energy from the biomass.
D Each trophic level supports a lesser
amount of biomass.
Biomagnification
Hey…this
pyramid looks
upside-down!
Just a little
pollution can
build up to
big problems.
Biomagnification
• results in higher concentrations of a substance in
organisms at higher levels in the food chain (at
higher trophic levels).
• Most noted with harmful chemicals such as
Mercury (Hg) and DDT (pesticide)
• Also called bioaccumulation or biological
magnification
Practice Question
Lake Trout
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Gulls
Smelt
Which of these organisms would have accumulated the
largest concentration of a long-term chemical pollutant in
their bodies?
A. Phytoplankton
B. Gulls
C. Lake Trout
D. Zooplankton
B
Practice Question
In a typical forest community, plants are producers,
rabbits are primary consumers, and wolves are
secondary consumers. Which diagram correctly
represents these relationships?
H
Practice Question
The diagram to the right is
intended to show
relationships in an
ecosystem. What do the
arrows represent?
F The direction of population
migration
G Differences in dietary habits
H Progressively smaller organisms
J The direction of energy flow
J
Ecological
Interactions
Blowfly maggots on a baby
purple martin.
Crab spider and honeybee
One type of ecological interaction is a
symbiotic relationship
Symbiosis is a close relationship between two or
more species
There are several
types of symbiosis.
Parasitism
The parasite gains nutrients, shelter or some
benefit at the expense of the host.
Can you identify the parasite and
host in the pictures?
Commensalism
One organism benefits while the other is
neither helped nor harmed.
Barnacles on
whale fin.
Barnacles get food
as whale swims.
Whale is not
helped or harmed.
More commensalism
Cattle egrets
feed off the
insects that cows
stir up while
grazing. Cows
get nothing,
egrets get fed!
Mutualism
Honeybee and
flower. Honeybee
gets nectar. Flower
spreads pollen.
Both benefit.
3-way mutualism. The
caterpillars have nectar
organs which the ants drink
from, and the acacia
tolerates the feeding
caterpillars. The ants
provide some protection
for both plant and
caterpillar.
Assuming both cow and chicken benefit
from this relationship, what form of
symbiosis would this be?
Mutualism
Predator and Prey Interactions
Prey = hunted
Predator = hunter
Competition
Organisms try to use the same ecological
resource in the same time at the same place.
Example of resources: Sunlight, water,
nutrients, food,
root space, prey,
mates
Hyena and
vultures fighting
over leftovers from
the lion’s meal.
Practice Question
Clown fish are reef fish that seek protection from
predators by sheltering themselves among the
stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are
territorial and can scare off predators of sea
anemones. This relationship is an example ofA. neutralism
B. mutualism
C. parasitism
D. commensalism
B
Practice Question
Which of the following is most likely to cause
increases in a predator population?
A. Fewer prey
B. A reduction in competition
C. More parasites
D. A period of drought
B
Practice Question
Insecticides help humans compete with insects
for a resource. Which resource is most likely
to be preserved for humans through the use
of insecticides?
F Sunlight
G Water
H Food
J Air
H
Practice Question
Two competing species can thrive in the
same community if they have —
F the same habitat
G
G different niches
H similar diets
J different life spans
Practice Question
In Central America there is a tree called bulhorn acacia
(Acacia cornigera) that provides both food and shelter to a
certain species of ant (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea). The
ants live within the tree without causing it harm. In fact,
tha ants protect the tree by vigorously attacking and
stinging other animals that try to eat it.
This relationship is an example ofA. Predation
B. Parasitism
C. Mutualism
D Commensalism
C
Practice Question
Which word best describes the
fungus in the situation to the right?
A Predator
B Producer
C Parasite
D Decomposer
A
Practice Question
A tick feeding on the blood of a dog is an
example of —
A commensalism
B
B parasitism
C neutralism
D mutualism
Practice Question
Which of these best represents a mutualistic
relationship?
A. Bull snake/mouse
B. White-tailed deer/grass
C. Hummingbird/blossom
D. Spade foot toad/cricket
C