Transcript Interactions ecology_-_part_3_-_interactions

Ecology Notes – Part
3:
Interactions
Biology
Spring 2012
Interactions
•
Types of Interactions among organisms
•
Symbiosis (3 types)
•
Competition
•
Predator/Prey (Predation)
Interactions – Symbiosis
Symbiosis: the relationship between two
organisms in which at least one benefits,
but the other does not die
Sym – = with / together
-biosis = mode of life
Ex: bird on hippos, fleas on dogs
Symbiosis
3 Types of Symbiosis:
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Symbiosis
Commensalism: one
organism benefits and
the other is not
harmed (+/0)
Ex: Lichen on a
tree branch
Maggots
decomposing a
rotting carcass
Symbiosis
Mutualism: both
organisms
benefit from the
relationship (+/+)
Ex: Clown fish
and sea anemone
Insect pollination
of flowers
Symbiosis
Parasitism: One
organism
benefits and the
other is harmed,
but not killed
(+/-)
Ex: mosquito
and human
Interactions – Competition
•
Competition:
•
When different species struggle over
the same resource
•
Resources are limited by supply
•
Water, food, shelter
Interactions – Competition
•
Revisiting the niche…
•
Niche: the role of an organism in its
environment, “how it makes a living”
• How it gets food
• Habitat conditions for survival
• Is it used for food?
• All its biotic and abiotic resources
Interactions – Competition
•
Niche Example
Competition, cont.
• Competition can happen in two ways:
• Between two different species
(interspecies)
• Cheetahs & lions competing for
antelopes.
• Between members of the same species
(intraspecies).
• Mountain goat rams butting heads to
“win” the females.
Interactions – Competition
•
Competitive Exclusion Principle:
•
If two species compete for the same
resource(s), one will win and one will lose
•
The “winner” gets the territory /
resource(s)
•
The “loser” will either move to another
location or get killed
Why are they in different
regions of the tree??
Interactions – Predator/Prey
Interactions – Predator/Prey
•
Predation: where one organism kills
another for its food
•
Organism getting the food is the
predator
•
Organism that is the food is the prey
•
1 lives & 1 dies
Which is
which?
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/960
0151/ns/technology_and_sciencescience/t/gator-guzzling-pythoncomes-messy-end/
To succeed...
• Both predators and prey adapt to better
survive
• Predators get better at catching prey
• Prey get better at avoiding being caught.
What do they need?
•
Think of a predator/prey relationship
•
Generate a list of characteristics that are
helpful for each to survive…
•
Predators:
•
Prey:
Predator adaptations
• Speed & agility or power & strength
• Acute senses
• “Weaponry:” claws, fangs, poison
• Camouflage
Prey Adaptations
• Avoid:
• Speed, senses, hide, mimic
Prey Adaptations
• Warn:
• Coloring, smell, cry
Prey Adaptations
• Defend:
• Shell, needle, fight back, taste, smell...
Interactions – Overview
Write a general description of what happens to
each organism in the following types of
interactions among organisms:
•
Symbiosis:
•
Describe each of the 3 types of symbiosis
•
Competition:
•
Predator/Prey (Predation):
Interactions – Overview
Types of
Interaction
Symbiosis
1.
2.
3.
Competition
Predator / Prey
One organism
The other
organism…
Doesn’t die
Interactions
Predator-Prey Simulation
“Queen of Trees”