Transcript Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition

Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Inquiry into Life
Twelfth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
• Life exists almost everywhere on the
planet Earth.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
• Life exists almost everywhere on the
planet Earth.
• Earth possesses a great variety of diverse
life forms.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
• Life exists almost everywhere on the
planet Earth.
• Earth possesses a great variety of diverse
life forms.
• All living things have certain
characteristics in common.
Living Things:
Living Things:
• Are organized
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt
Living Things:
• Are organized
• Acquire materials and energy
•
•
•
•
•
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt
Living Things:
• Are organized
• Acquire materials and energy
• Reproduce
•
•
•
•
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt
Living Things:
• Are organized
• Acquire materials and energy
• Reproduce
• Respond to stimuli
• Are homeostatic
• Grow and develop
• Have the capacity to adapt
Living Things:
•
•
•
•
Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
• Are homeostatic
• Grow and develop
• Have the capacity to adapt
Living Things:
•
•
•
•
•
Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
• Grow and develop
• Have the capacity to adapt
Living Things:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
• Have the capacity to adapt
1.2 The Classification of Living
Things
1.2 The Classification of Living
Things
• Living organisms are assigned to groups
based upon their similarities.
1.2 The Classification of Living
Things
• Living organisms are assigned to groups
based upon their similarities.
• Systematics is the discipline of
indentifying and classifying organisms.
Domains
Domains
• Domains are the largest classification
category.
Domains
• Domains are the largest classification
category.
• Biologists assign organisms to one of
three domains based on biochemical and
genetic evidence.
Domain Archaea
• Archaea are singlecelled organisms that
lack a membranebound nucleus.
• Archaea can be found
in environments that
are too hostile for
other life forms.
Domain Bacteria
• Bacteria are singlecelled organisms that
lack a membranebound nucleus.
• Bacteria are found
almost everywhere on
the planet Earth.
Domain Eukarya
• The cells of all eukaryotes have a membranebound nucleus. Members of the Domain
Eukarya are further categorized into one of
four Kingdoms.
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Most inclusive
Least inclusive
Categories of Classification
Scientific Names
Scientific Names
• Binomial (two name)
Scientific Names
• Binomial (two name)
– Genus name, species name
Scientific Names
• Binomial (two name)
– Genus name, species name
–Examples:
Scientific Names
• Binomial (two name)
– Genus name, species name
–Examples:
»Homo sapiens
»Pisum sativum
»Felis domesticus
1.3 The Organization of the
Biosphere
1.3 The Organization of the
Biosphere
• Biosphere
– The zone of air, land, and water at the surface
of the Earth where living organisms are found.
1.3 The Organization of the
Biosphere
• Population
(groups of individuals of a species in a given area)
1.3 The Organization of the
Biosphere
• Population
• Community
(populations of different species that interact)
1.3 The Organization of the
Biosphere
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
(interactions of communities plus the
physical habitat)
Ecosystems
• Ecosystems are characterized by:
Ecosystems
Ecosystems are characterized by:
Chemical cycling
Ecosystems
Ecosystems are characterized by:
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
Ecosystems
The Human Species
• Humans depend on healthy ecosystems
for our own survival.
The Human Species
• Humans depend on healthy ecosystems
for our own survival.
• The human species modifies ecosystems
for own purposes.
The Human Species
• Humans depend on healthy ecosystems
for our own survival.
• The human species modifies ecosystems
for own purposes.
• Preservation of ecosystems is important to
ensure our continued existence.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
• Total number of species
Biodiversity
• Total number of species
– The variability in their genes
Biodiversity
• Total number of species
– The variability in their genes
»The ecosystems in which they live
A Coral Reef Ecosystem
Ecosystems
• The Earth may be losing as many as 400
species per day due to human activities.
1.4 The Process of Science
1.4 The Process of Science
• Biology is the scientific study of life.
1.4 The Process of Science
• Biology is the scientific study of life.
• The process of science uses the scientific
method.
Flow Diagram of the
Scientific Method
Scientific Theory
Scientific Theory
• A scientific theory is a concept supported
by a broad range of observations,
experiments, and conclusions.
Examples of Theories in Biology
•
•
•
•
•
Cell
Homeostasis
Gene
Ecosystem
Evolution
The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
• Experiments in controlled studies have two
types of groups:
The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
• Experiments in controlled studies have two
types of groups:
• Control Group
• Experimental Group
The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
• Variables
– The experimental variable
(independent variable) is manipulated
by the investigator. All other factors
remain identical.
The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
• Variables
– The experimental variable (independent
variable) is manipulated by the
investigator. All other factors remain
identical.
– The response variable (dependent
variable) represents the result of the
manipulation of the experimental
variable.
An Experiment
An Experiment
• HYPOTHESIS: A pigeon pea/winter wheat
rotation will cause winter wheat production to
increase as well as or better than the use of
nitrogen fertilizer.
An Experiment
• HYPOTHESIS: A sustained pigeon pea/winter
wheat rotation will eventually cause an increase
in winter wheat production.
• PREDICTION: Wheat biomass following two
years of pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation will
surpass wheat biomass following nitrogen
fertilizer treatment.
An Experiment
An Experiment
An Experiment
An Experiment
• Conclusion: The hypothesis was
supported. At the end of two years, the
yield of winter wheat following a pigeon
pea/winter wheat rotation was better than
for the other type pots.
1.5 Science and Social
Responsibility
1.5 Science and Social
Responsibility
• Technology is the application of
knowledge for a practical purpose.
1.5 Science and Social
Responsibility
• Technology is the application of knowledge for a
practical purpose.
• Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.
1.5 Science and Social
Responsibility
• Technology is the application of knowledge for a
practical purpose.
• Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.
• Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of
technology must be decided by everyone.