Transcript Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition

Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Inquiry into Life
Twelfth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
• Biology – Science of Living things
– Bio – Life
• Logos – Word of, knowledge
• ** A laboratory science** You live in your own
unique Lab (and you experiment all the time)
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
• Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
• Life exists almost everywhere on the
planet Earth.
• Earth possesses a great variety of diverse
life forms.
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
• Life exists almost everywhere on the
planet Earth.
• Earth possesses a great variety of diverse
life forms.
• All living things have certain
characteristics in common.
Living Things:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt
1.2 The Classification of Living
Things
• Science of Taxonomy - Classification of
living organisms based on similarities
• Not exciting, not fun, but sometimes we
have to “Just do It”
• Hierarchical – from top to bottom
• A specific name for an organism, like
Homo sapiens or E. coli, represents the
very specific type of organism – bottom of
scheme
1.2 The Classification of Living
Things
• Living organisms are assigned to groups
based upon their similarities.
• Systematics is the discipline of
indentifying and classifying organisms.
Domains
• The highest – largest category, recent addition
• 3 domains
– 1. Archaea – ancient “bacteria”, unicellular like
bacteria, also simple cell structure (prokaryote – no
nucleus) but have distinct metabolism (chemistry)
allowing them to exist in “extreme” environments
– 2. Bacteria – unicellular, prokaryote, found
everywhere
– 3. Eukarya – unicellular to multicellular, complex and
organized cells with nuclei and organelles
(mitochondria)
Domain Archaea
• Archaea are singlecelled organisms that
lack a membranebound nucleus. Prokaryote
• Archaea can be found
in environments that
are too hostile for
other life forms.
Domain Bacteria
• Bacteria are singlecelled organisms that
lack a membranebound nucleus.
(Prokaryote also)
• Bacteria are found
almost everywhere on
the planet Earth.
Domain Eukarya
• The cells of all eukaryotes have a membranebound nucleus. Members of the Domain
Eukarya are further categorized into one of
four Kingdoms. (know these kingdoms)
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Categories of Classification
Domain - Dumb
Kingdom - King
Phylum - Philip
Class – Came
Order - Over
Family - For
Genus - Good
Species -
Spaghetti?
__
Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Most inclusive
Least inclusive
Categories of Classification
Scientific Names
• Binomial (two name) Genus first and first letter
capitalized, then species not capitalized. If
written or typed – either underline or italicize
–
–
–
–
–
Genus name, species name
Homo sapiens - italicized
Homo troglodytis (Your EX?) – underlined
Canis familiaris – Your puppy (except poodles)
Felis domesticus – Your Kitty (some strange people
have to have Felis leo or Felis tigris)
– Canis latrans – Invites your kitty over for lunch
– Canis lupus - ____________? guess
Know for test
• 3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• 4 Eukarya Kingdoms
– Protista – Protozoans like Ameba and
Paramecium (producers and consumers)
– Fungi – yeasts, molds, mushrooms
(consumers)
– Plants – complex producers, trees, grasses
– Animals – complex consumers
1.3 The Organization of the
Biosphere
• Biosphere
– The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth where
living organisms are found.
• Population
(groups of individuals of a species in a given area)
• Community
(populations of different species that interact)
• Ecosystem
(interactions of communities plus the
physical habitat)
Ecosystems
Ecosystems are characterized by:
Chemical cycling - carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.
Energy flow – light, to chemical energy,
to heat
Ecosystems
The Human Species
• Humans depend on healthy ecosystems
for our own survival.
• The human species modifies ecosystems
for own purposes.
• Preservation of ecosystems is important to
ensure our continued existence.
Biodiversity
• Total number of species
• 30 million different species?
– The variability in their genes
• Remarkably genetically similar - genomics
– The ecosystems in which they live – many
ecosystems are adversely affected by humans
(our recent vacation to St. Johns revealed
significant change in the coral reef ecosystem)
*enjoy, but “tread lightly”)
A Coral Reef Ecosystem
Ecosystems
• The Earth may be losing as many as 400
species per day due to human activities.
1.4 The Process of Science
• Biology is the scientific study of life.
• The process of science uses the scientific
method.
Flow Diagram of the
Scientific Method (know for test)
Scientific Theory
• A scientific theory is a concept supported
by a broad range of observations,
experiments, and conclusions.
Examples of Theories in Biology
Know for test
• See pg 11
• Cell – all life is “cellular”, new life comes from
previous cells (viruses, prions?)
• Homeostasis – stable internal environment
• Gene – code, units of heredity, DNA
• Ecosystem - organisms within an environment
are interrelated (circle of Life – hakuna matata)
• Evolution – organisms genetically change, and
pass genes on to offspring, best fit to survive
The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
• Experiments in controlled studies have two
types of groups:
• Control Group (for comparison)
• Experimental Group ( 1 variable
manipulated)
The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
• Variables
– The experimental variable
(independent variable) is manipulated
by the investigator. All other factors
remain identical.
The Process of Science
A Controlled Study
• Variables
– The experimental variable (independent
variable) is manipulated by the investigator.
All other factors remain identical.
– The response variable (dependent
variable) represents the result of the
manipulation of the experimental variable.
(what we are testing for and hope to “quantify”
mathematically)
An Experiment
• HYPOTHESIS: A pigeon pea/winter wheat
rotation will cause winter wheat production to
increase as well as or better than the use of
nitrogen fertilizer. Read on your own.
Boring!!!!!
An Experiment
• HYPOTHESIS: A sustained pigeon pea/winter
wheat rotation will eventually cause an increase
in winter wheat production.
• PREDICTION: Wheat biomass following two
years of pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation will
surpass wheat biomass following nitrogen
fertilizer treatment.
An Experiment
An Experiment - Note: data is quantified
and expressed graphically
An Experiment
• Conclusion: The hypothesis was
supported. At the end of two years, the
yield of winter wheat following a pigeon
pea/winter wheat rotation was better than
for the other type pots.
1.5 Science and Social
Responsibility
• Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.
$$$$$ DNA studies, genomics, antibiotics, chemotherapy,
computers, automobiles, Hydrogen fuel cells
• Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.
DDT use and prevention of malaria – raptors lay soft eggs
• Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of technology must be
decided by everyone.
• Eugenics – gene manipulation, only the white, or bright, or the
useful are allowed (cloning?)