Transcript 2010 Final Exam Review

2011 Final Exam Review
Hugo Grotius
Mare Liberum
1609
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Whales
Norwegian herring
Peruvian anchovy
Can. N. Atlantic cod
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Technology
Capital Investment
Fisheries Information
Politics
Social Issues
Tragedy of commons
Population
Inexhaustible  Exhaustible
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Forces
Tools of Collection
Increased Demand
Increased Supply
Humans’ Rules
Present Status
Climate Change
Issues
• How oceans make
fish
• Why not more
• Where are fish from
• Management
Principals
• Fisheries Examples
• Aquaculture
• Health Issues
Hawaiian Fisheries
• History of Pelagics
• Coastal Fisheries
Issues
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Precious Corals
Ciguatera
Marine Debris
Biofuels
Some effects of atmospheric circulation cells
Dry climate and high pressure in the vicinity
30o latitude
Wet climate and low pressure in the
vicinity of the equator and 60o latitude
OCEANIC GYRES
Upwelling Area Fisheries
How the Oceans Make Fish
• Primary Production  Commercial Fish
• 3 Types of Ocean Areas
– Open Ocean
– Coastal Areas
– Upwelling Areas
Open Ocean Area
• Deep
• Low inputs
• Mostly Regen.
Nutrs.
• Stable Temporally
• Nutrient Limited
• Small Phytoplankton
• Long Food Chains
• Low Comm.Fish
Yield
Coastal Areas
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Shallow
Seasonal Inputs
Seasonal Variability
~50% New Nutrients
• Larger Phytoplankton
• Shorter Food Chains
• Benthic Food Chains
• Gadoid fishes
• High Comm. Fish Yield
Upwelling Areas
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Shallow
Seasonal Inputs
Seasonally Steady
Mostly New
Nutrients
• Larger
Phytoplankton
• Short Food Chains
• Clupeid fish
• High Comm. Fish
Yield
Total Global Fisheries Harvest
~160Mt
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Year
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
CAP
94.5
91.8
96
95.5
93.1
AQ
52
55.2
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63.3
66.7
• Capture Fisheries
are constant at ~9095Mt
• Aquaculture is
steadily increasing
Seafood – Nutritional Benefits
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High quality protein
High in omega-3 fatty acids
Low in saturated fat
Contributes to a healthy heart
Contributes to proper growth and
development of children
• Source of vitamins and minerals
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Proper Growth and Development
of Children
• Omega-3s and pregnancy
– During last trimester of pregnancy
• Rapid synthesis of brain tissue
• Omega-3s and premature infants
– Risk factor for preterm delivery and
low birth weight
• Omega-3s and the newborn
– DHA is influenced by the mother’s diet
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What is the difference between
OCEAN FISH and PILOT WHALE?
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
• Occurs in tropical and subtropical regions
• Vector is primarily reef fish
• Affects hundreds of thousands of people annually
• Underreported; misdiagnosed
Ciguatera Sequence
Environmental conditions  Gambierdiscus
Gambierdiscus  Macroalgae  Herbivorous Fish  Carnivorous Fish  Fishing Pressure
Fish  Humans
Reported Ciguatera Incidents
Hawaii – 1963 to 2005 N = 676
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35
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r’s & K’s
• Characteristics
• Organisms
II. Major Fisheries - by Fish
THE FIRST TIER
• Peruvian Anchovy
• Alaskan Pollock
• Skipjack Tuna
• Capelin
IV. Major Fisheries - by Ocean
Atlantic
25.6%
Pacific
62.6%
Indian
10%
Other
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Lessons From Historical
Fisheries
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Canadian Atlantic Cod
Hawaiian Lobster
Alaskan Pollack
Norwegian Spring-Spawning Herring
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
Orange Roughy
Northwestern Bigeye Tuna
U.S. Importation Context
• 2010: ~80% Seafood Imported
• Top 3: Shrimp, Salmon Tuna
Hawaii Importation
• 60:40 imported : domestic
• Sources
– China, Australia, Japan, Taiwan,
Philippines, New Zealand
– #1fish consumed: Salmon
– #1 fish consumed (w/ rec. fish’g): YF Tuna
Mislabeling/Substitution
• Recent Study: 48% e/c of U.S.
mainland
– 134 restaurants & retail outlets
• Reasons: long supply chains, species
indistinguishable visually
• Causes: Fraud, ignorance, lack of
regulations
• Victims: consumers, U.S. fishermen
• DNA application for identification
Unraveling a Fish Myth
Unraveling a Fish Myth
• Pervasive rhetoric: …aquaculture
takes 2-5 lbs of wild fish to produce 1
lb of farmed fish. If you do the math,
this isn’t sustainable.”
• Back to basic biology
Unraveling a Fish Myth
• TE in Aquaculture [Avg. 40-60%]
• WHY?
– Nutritional profile of pelleted feeds
– Little energy expended hunting for food
– Bite-sized pellets size means little waste
– Also, no by-catch waste
– AQ feeds now 10-25% fish meal
Fishing at 15% of MSY
Fishing at 75% of MSY
Fishing at 100% of MSY
The Canadian Cod Example:
Fished to Commercial Extinction Before
Establishment of a Moratorium: No Recovery
of the Stock, No Recovery of the Fishery
During the 1980s cod catches remained steady
but that was because larger, more powerful
and sophisticated vessels were chasing the few
remaining fish.
During the 1980s cod catches remained steady
but that was because larger, more powerful
and sophisticated vessels were chasing the few
remaining fish.
Working harder and harder, to catch the few
remaining cod.
"In normal years we'd get 200,000 pounds of cod, but that year
it was more like 70,000 pounds. Then all of a sudden they just crashed."
Fisheries scientists concluded that quotas had to be more than halved
in order to prevent this stock's collapse. Politicians were appalled;
the proposed quotas would have caused economic chaos throughout
Eastern Canada.
So the politicians compromised what could not be compromised.
Quotas were cut by only 10 percent.
Fishermen tried as hard as they could, but could only catch 122,000 of
the 190,000-ton cod quota for 1991.
The estimated combined weight of the adult cod population
was a mere 1.1 percent of its historic levels of the early 1960s.
ECONOMICS
Law of Diminishing Returns
Social
Concerns
Information
Quality
Natural
Variability
Reasons to Fish Below the MSY
I. Inaccurate Information
A. I Fish Therefore I Lie (Schaefer Model)
B. Not Enough Biological Data (Beverton-Holt Model)
II. Variable Recruitment
III. Resource Mismatch
IV. Presence of Competitors
V. Stock Stability
VI. Economics (Law of Diminishing Returns)
I. T
Up to 20 cm in length
Peruvian Anchoveta Fishery
I. The Physical Setting
II. The Upwelling Ecosystem
III. Anchoveta Ecology
IV.History of the Anchoveta Fishery
Anchove ta
cili ates
crustacean
zoop lank ton
flage ll ates
phytoplank ton
natural mortalit y,
Mortality
predation
Effects of El Niño on Anchoveta Catch
Bluefin tuna
Table 7.2. Pertinent information on commercially important tuna species
Species
Length
(cm)
Weight
(kg)
Age of sexual maturity
(years)
Lifespan
(years)
Albacore
60-90
10-20
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10
Bigeye
80-180
15-20
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10
Skipjack
30-80
8-10
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12
Yellowfin
40-180
5-20
3
10
Atlantic
bluefin
45-450
135-680
4-8
15-30
Pacific bluefin
150-300
300-555
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30
200
200
8-12
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Southern
bluefin
The industry killed
roughly 4,000-6,000
humpback whales per
year between 1935 and
1965, with a hiatus
during World War II.
The killing finally
stopped in 1966 when
the IWC agreed to a
moratorium on
humpback whaling. At
that time, the humpback
population numbered
about 20,000.
The virgin stock of humpbacks is estimated
to have been about 115,000 whales.
Humpback whales are recovering from the
effects of whaling more strongly than any
other of the great whale species. Currently
the stock numbers about 35,000 whales,
11,600 in the North Atlantic, 7,000 in the
North Pacific, and at least 17,000 in the
Southern Ocean.
Table 10.5. Some characteristics of
Humpback Whales.
Age of sexual
maturity (years)
Lifespan (years)
4-7
80-90
Products from
Marine Biodiscovery
• Pharmaceuticals
• Fluorescent Proteins
• Thermostable Enzymes
• Laundry Detergent
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D
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Grey Whale Carcass, 6 weeks on the bottom, 1675 metres
Mobile Scavenger Stage
Oil From Algae
Why Do We Want (Need!) To Do This?
• Ecological Necessity
• Economic Necessity
• Intellectual Challenge
Marine Algae
Compelling Advantages
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Algae Consume CO2, a Major Greenhouse Gas
Do Not Use Fresh Water
Do Not Require Arable Land
Grow Very Rapidly
Represent a “New” Source of Fuel*
Represent a New Source of Animal Food
*Historical Footnote - Most of Our “Old” Fuels
(i.e., Fossil Fuels) Were Produced by:
MARINE ALGAE!
Bigelow Laboratory Phytopia
Reported yields for biomass crops
Biomass
(Mt/ha/yr)
Oil-content
(% dry
mass)
Biodiesel
(Mt/ha/yr)
Bio-diesel
(bbl/ha/yr)
1-2.5
20%
0.2-0.5
1.4-3.5
3
40%
1.2
8.2
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20%
3.7
26.4
7.5-10
30-50%
2.2-5.3
16-38
140-255
35-65%
86.6
350-700
Soya
Rapeseed
Palmoil
Jatropha
Microalgae
Note: 1Mt bio-diesel equals 1,136 litres
Law of the Sea
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1493 to 1958
Inter catera
Treaty of Tordesillas
Truman Proclamations
Latin American Claims
2. 1958 to present
Cod Wars
Latin American Declarations
UNCLOSs
3. Consequences
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Montevideo, Lima, and
Santo Domingo Declarations
(1970-1972)
Latin American Nations Come to a Regional Consensus on
12-Mile Territorial Seas and 200-Mile “Patrimonial” Seas
3rd Cod War, 1975
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Iceland extends its exclusion zone to 200 miles
Important agreements reached at UNCLOS III
•Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not
exceeding 12 nautical miles.
•Contiguous zone up to 24 nautical miles from the shoreline for purposes of enforcement
of customs, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws.
•Exclusive economic zone up to 200 nautical miles from the shoreline for purposes of
exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living
or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the sea-bed and of the sea-bed and its
subsoil.
•The resources of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of
national jurisdiction are the common heritage of mankind.
•An International Seabed Authority will organize, carry out, and control activities
associated with the exploitation of the resources of the international seabed.
•A parallel system will be established for exploring and exploiting the international
seabed, one involving private and state ventures and the other involving the Authority.
•A so-called Enterprise will carry out activities in the international seabed for the
Authority and will be responsible for transporting, processing, and marketing minerals
recovered from the international seabed.
Consequences
1. 12-Mile Territorial Sea
2. 200-Mile Exclusive Economic Zone
3. Rights of Innocent Passage