Transcript Diapositiva 1

Industrialization
Industrialization is the development of an economy in which machines produce many of
the products people use.
Effects:
a. Increases pollution of the air and water
b. Increases the demand for water and other resources
c. Increases the demand of fossil and nuclear fuel.
d. Increases the disposal of wastes
Pollutant: substances that
makes environment dirty
and unfit for living things.
Causes:
Water Pollution
Disposal of pesticides, fertilizer, sewage, heavy metals,
chemicals, PCB.
PCB:Polychlorinated biphenyl, a
Effects:
synthetic, organic chemical once widely
used in electrical equipment, specialized
hydraulic systems, heat transfer ...
• It leads to the extinction or endangered of a species
• Loss of biodiversity
• Disruption of food chains
Sewage and animal wastes
act a fertilizer
increase the growth of
plants, algae, bacteria in aquatic system
oxygen levels drop
many
organisms suffocate
Decomposer activity
decreases the oxygen
supply
all organisms may be lost.
Harbor Seal
Whale
Pacific Herring
Common Loon
River Otter
Bold Eagle
1) Identify two species that appear to have been least affected by the oil spill.
Both the river otter and the bald eagle appear to have been least affected by the oil spill.
2) The oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez tanker is an example of a
A) renewable resource and is a fossil fuel
B) nonrenewable resource and synthesizes ATP
C) renewable resource and is a source of ATP
D) nonrenewable resource and is a source of energy
3) The impact that the oil spill made on the environment is still being experienced.
State information from the reading passage that supports this statement.
A decade after the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled millions of gallons of crude oil off Prince
William Sound in Alaska, most of the fish and wildlife species that were injured have not
fully recovered.
OR
Eight species are considered to have made little or no progress toward recovery since the
spill, including killer whales, harbor seals, and common loons.
OR
Several other species, including sea otters and Pacific herring, have made significant
progress toward recovery but are still not at levels seen before the accident.
4) Which autotrophic organisms were negatively affected by the oil spill?
Tidal plants (or other plants) were the autotrophic organisms negatively affected by the oil spill.
Soil Pollution & Toxic Wastes
Causes:
Many wastes - Organic chemicals, heavy
metals, pesticides, solid wastesdumped into waterways from cities
Effects:
1. Can be toxic to the organisms that use
or live in the water.
2. Disruption of food chains
3. Loss of biodiversity (species become
endangered or extinct)
4. Biological magnification
.
Ex. DDT,
pesticide
sprays on
crops kill soil
decomposer
that recycling
materials
Biological Magnification:
Toxic materials move through the
food chain and damage or kill
many kinds of organisms.
The concentration of a toxin
increases as it moves through the
food chain
Biological Magnification
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
Fish-Eating Birds
10,000,000
Large
Fish
1,000,000
Small Fish 100,000
Zooplankton 10,000
Producers 1000
Water
1
What kind of ecological pyramid does the drawing represent?
What do the orange dots represent?
What does a pyramid of numbers demonstrate about organisms in an ecosystem?
How is this illustration of DDT concentration opposite the pyramid of numbers?
Biological Magnification
Fish-Eating Birds
The concentration of a pollutant such
as DDT is multiplied as it passes up
the food chain from producers to
consumers.
By the time it reaches the top-level
consumers, shown here as fisheating birds, the amount of DDT in
biological tissues can be magnified
nearly 10 millions.
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
10,000,000
Large
Fish
1,000,000
Small Fish 100,000
Zooplankton 10,000
Producers 1000
By what number is the concentration
of DDT multiplied at each successive
trophic level?
Water
1
Anopheles Insecticide
2) State one valid conclusion that can be drawn from these data.
Malathion insecticide is more effective against A. strephensi
Dieldrin insecticide is more effective against A. culifacies
3) State one negative impact that the use of these two insecticides might have
on the environment.
Malathion and dieldrin may kill beneficial insects.
The malathion and dieldrin may pollute water supplies.
Loss of biodiversity
Disruption of food chains
In a rural area, there is a swamp with a large population of mosquitoes. Nearby residents are concerned because
the mosquitoes are always annoying and occasionally carry diseases. The community decides to have an
insecticide sprayed from an airplane on the area during the prime mosquito season. Whenever they stop spraying,
the mosquito population quickly rebounds to a higher level than existed before the spraying program began. After
10 years, the spraying became much less effective at reducing the mosquito population. Higher doses of
insecticide were required to accomplish the same population decreases.
4) State one possible disadvantage of spraying the insecticide from an airplane.
The spray may reach other areas (not targeted) and harm people, pets, or other
animals in that area.
The spray could kill beneficial insects.
5) (a) State one alternative method of mosquito control that may have a more lasting
impact on the mosquito population.
Predators (or parasites) of mosquitoes could be released into the area to control
them.
Swamp areas could be drained to reduce breeding areas.
Sterilized male mosquitoes could be released to mate with females to reduce the
rate of production.
b) Give one positive effect or one negative effect for the alternative method.
Positive: No pesticide to harm other species.
Negative: Habitat modifications could be detrimental to other species.
Predators or parasites released could harm other species or spread
disease.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
PCBs belong to a broad family of man-made organic chemicals known as
chlorinated hydrocarbons.
PCBs were domestically manufactured from 1929 until their manufacture was
banned in 1979.
They have a range of toxicity and vary in consistency from thin, light-colored
liquids to yellow or black waxy solids.
•Due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, high boiling point, and
electrical insulating properties, PCBs were used in hundreds of industrial
and commercial applications including
•electrical, heat transfer,
•hydraulic equipment;
•plasticizers in paints,
•plastics,
•rubber products;
•pigments,
•dyes,
•and carbonless copy paper;
•and many other industrial applications
Commercial Use of PCBs
Although no longer commercially produced in
the United States, PCBs may be present in
products and materials produced before the
1979 PCB ban. Products that may contain PCBs
include:
•Transformers and capacitors
•Other electrical equipment including
voltage regulators, switches, reclosers,
bushings, and electromagnets
•Oil used in motors and hydraulic systems
•Old electrical devices or appliances
containing PCB capacitors
•Fluorescent light ballasts
•Cable insulation
•Thermal insulation material including
fiberglass, felt, foam, and cork
•Adhesives and tapes
•Oil-based paint
•Caulking
•Plastics
•Carbonless copy
Health Effects
PCBs have been
demonstrated to cause
cancer, as well as a
variety of other adverse
health effects on the
immune system,
reproductive system,
nervous system, and
endocrine system
1. What are PCB´s?
PCB’s (Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls) are toxic industrial chemicals or oily
compounds used to insulate electrical equipment
2. How did PCB´s get into the Hudson?
General Electric factories were the source of most of the PCB’s in the river
3. How did the eagle get PCB´s?
Bold eagle got PCB’s through biomagnification. PCB’s were taken by
aquatic insects and fish, and passed up to bold eagle
4. Make a food web with the underlined organisms.
Aquatic insects - fish - bold eagle
5. Is there a danger for humans? Explain
It is reported PCB’s may cause cancer in humans and reproductive
problems in wildlife
6. Use your knowledge of food pyramids to explain how
an eagle could have more PCB´s than the fish it eats.
The concentration of a pollutant such as PCB’s is multiplied as it
passes up the food chain from insects to fish to bold eagle
Thermal Pollution
Causes:
Warm water from power plants and industries are released into a river or lake.
Warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cold water.
Effect:
Some species may suffocate as a result of thermal pollution.
Loss of biodiversity
Endanger and extinction of species
Thermal Pollution
Trout
Black bass
1)
State one effect of temperature change on the oxygen
content of fresh water. [Support your answer using specific
information from the data table.]
As the temperature increases, the oxygen content
decreases.
As the temperature decreases, the oxygen content
increases.
As the temperature increases from 15 C to 20 C the
oxygen decreases by 0.99 ppm.
2) Explain how a new power plant built on the banks of the Rocky River could have an environmental impact
on the Rocky River ecosystem downstream from the plant. Your explanation must include the effects of the
power plant on: (1) water temperature (2) dissolved oxygen (3) fish species
(1) The power plant will increase the temperature of the river water
(2) The dissolved oxygen content of the river will decrease.;
(3) The population of trout (and/or bass) may decrease.
The carp population may increase.
If the oxygen level decreases below 2 ppm, no fish survive.
Some species may increase in number while others may decrease.
OBSERVATION
Data table
Temperatura
(ºC)
Breathing rate per
minute
15
25
20
35
Control (23)
40
25
45
30
55
OBSERVATION
Line graph
Tem perature
Acid Precipitation
Fossil fuels burn, produce nitrogen an sulfur, they combine with moisture in
the atmosphere. When rain falls to the Earth has a low pH level -more
much acidic.
Causes:
Industry producing air pollution (sulfides, nitrates, etc)
Cars exhaust and burning of fossil fuels.
Effects:
1. Destruction of limestone and marble monuments
2. Lowers pH of certain lakes which kills some algae and fish.
Then food chains in the ecosystem disrupt.
3.Destruction of life in lakes, marshes, ponds due to acidification
4. Damage forests and other plants
Actions
Remove the chemicals from the exhaust before it leaves the factory
Smog
Smog is a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the
atmosphere
Causes:
Air pollutants produced by automobiles, central heating, air
conditioner, industrial emissions,… released to atmosphere.
Effects:
It threatens the health of people with asthma and other respiratory
conditions
Describe the problem of acid rain and state one way to reduce it.
In your answer be sure to:
a) state how humans have caused acid rain
Industry producing air pollution (sulfides, nitrates, etc)
Cars exhaust and burning of fossil fuels.
b) describe one specific effect that acid rain will have on the
ecosystem
1. Destruction of limestone and marble monuments
2. Lowers pH of certain lakes which kills some algae and fish.
Then food chains in the ecosystem disrupt.
3.Destruction of life in lakes, marshes, ponds due to acidification
4. Damage forests and other plants
c) state one specific action humans could take to reduce acid rain
Remove the chemicals from the exhaust before it leaves the factory