Transcript C. Growth rate

Chapter 5 –Populations
Chapter 6 –Humans In the Biosphere
5-1
I. Characteristics of Populations
A. Geographic distribution (range)- the area inhabited
by a population
B. Population density-number of individuals per unit area
ex: 200 people/ km2
C. Growth rate- inc. or dec. of number of
individuals in a population over time.
D. Immigration- movement INTO an area;
Emigration- movement out of (EXIT) an area
5-1
II. 3 Factors that Affect Population Size
A. the number of births
B. the number of deaths
C. the number of individuals entering (intoimmigration) or leaving (exitingemigration) a pop.
*Population grows when birthrate is
greater than deathrate.
5-1
III. Exponential growth - when the individuals in
a pop. reproduce at a constant rate.
. . Pop. becomes larger and larger until it approaches
A
an infinitely large size.
B. Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a
would grow exponentially-J-shaped curve
pop.
5-1
IV. Logistic growth - when growth slows or stops following a period
of exponential growth-shown as an S-shaped curve
A. carrying capacity (K)- largest # of individuals of a
population (species) that an environment can support
B. Growth levels off, so the average growth rate is
zero.
5-2
V. Limiting factor -factor that causes population
growth to decrease.
A. Density-dependent limiting factor (ddlf)
limiting factor that depends on population size
1. Ex: competition, predation, parasitism, disease
2. DDLF have greatest influence when pop. is large &
dense; does not affect small, scattered pop. as greatly
3. add: Competition- when pops. become crowded, they
compete for food, water, space, sunlight, other resources
5-2
4. Predation- regulation of a pop. by
predation is a predator-prey relationship
Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale
5-2
B. Density-independent limiting
factors –factors that affect all pops in
similar ways, regardless of the
population size.
1. unusual weather, natural disasters,
seasonal cycles
2. humans: clear-cutting forests, damming
rivers, development
5-3
Human Population Growth
C. Demography-study of human population growth
1. past century- pop. growth in US, Japan, Europe has slowed
***5-3
E. Age-structure diagram –shows the pop. of a
country broken down by gender and age group;
can predict future growth of pop.
U.S. Population
1. US- nearly equal no. of
people in each age group
2. predicts a slow but
steady growth rate for
the near future
Percentage of Population
***5-3
Rwandan Population
3. Rwanda- many
more children/
teenagers, than
adults.
4. diagram predicts
population will
double in about 30
years
Percentage of Population
***5-3
F. To predict human pop. growth, demographers must consider
age structure and disease.
1. If human growth
does not slow down,
there could be damage
to the environment
and global economy.
2. BUT, science,
technology, and
changes in society
may prevent the
negative impact of
population growth.
6-1
I. Human activities affect the biosphere.
A. Hunting-gathering- isolated parts of the world
B. Agriculture- Benefits
1. Irrigation-turned deserts into fields
2. Machinery- increased crop yields
3. Crop hybrids- increase crop yields
4. Chemical fertilizers- boosted plant growth
5. Pesticides- control damage increasing crop yields
6. Monoculture-large field planted w/ single crop year to
year
C. Green Revolution
6-1
1. Mid-20th century- effort to increase global food production
2. Modern plant breeding and agricultural methods used
D. New Challenges-Disadvantages of better
agriculture
1. Monoculture -leads to increased problems w/ pests and
disease
2. Enough water for irrigation may take water from other
ecosystems and damage them.
E. Industrial Revolution to Present -Disadvantages
1. Increased pollution - air, water, soil by burning fossil fuels
2. Increased human waste, increased development -place stress on
plants/ animals; consumes farmland
6-2
II. Renewable resources
A.Renewable resources - can regenerate (if
living) or be recycled
ex: trees; soil; water, nitrogen
1. Land resources-provide space for living things;
raw materials for industry; soil (mix of sand, clay,
rock and humus-decaying organisms); soil renewable only if managed properly
6-2
a. soil erosion- caused by water, wind,and plowing
(plowing removes roots that hold soil in place)
b. desertification- once productive areas turn into
deserts; caused by overfarming, overgrazing and
drought
2. Sustainable development-using natural resources
w/o damaging or depleting them; ex: preventing soil
erosion- HOW?
a. Contour plowing- fields plowed across slope to prevent erosion
b. Leaving behind stems and roots of last year’s crops
c. Plant rye grass rather than leaving field unprotected
6-2
3. Forest resources- uses: lumber, fuel, habitats, soil
erosion prevention; store nutrients; moderate
climate, take in CO2, release O; protect our
freshwater
a. Temperate forests= renewable resource
b. Old-growth forests in Alaska and Pac NW
= nonrr because take too long to form
c. Stop deforestation-soil erosion washes
away nutrients; grazing/ plowing
permanently damages soil
d. forest management-controlled harvesting of trees;
take one, plant two
6-2
4. Fishery resources- overfishing -harvesting fish faster
than they can reproduce; fisheries -aka aquaculture;
laws passed to limit size of catch
5. Air resources-smog- pollution-gray-brown haze
caused by car exhaust and factories-threatens human
health
i. pollutant - harmful material that can enter the biosphere
through the land, air, or water
ii. burning fossil fuels –release pollutants that cause smog; also
build up CO2 levels contributing to greenhouse effect; causes
acid rain
iii. Strict emissions and clean-air regulations- improved air
quality
6-2
iv. Acid rain- burning of fossil fuels mix with water
forming low pH rain (car exhaust = nitric acid rain;
coal-burning factories = sulfuric acid rain)
Emissions to
Atmosphere
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Industry
Condensation
Chemical Transformation
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Ore
Transportation smelting
Dry Fallout
Particulates Precipitation
Gases
Acid rain, fog,
snow, and mist
Power
generation
6-2
vii. Acid rain- kills entire forests and plants; lowers
pH of soils/ waterways; cause toxins like mercury to
be released from soil into wildlife
6. Freshwater resources: total supply is limited and
threatened; billions of gal/ day used for industry
(steel), washing, watering, and drinking
i. Pollution- dumped chemicals, waste, raw sewage
ii. Help by protecting - wetlands/ forests-purify water
iii. Conserve: home, industry, ag.
6-2
B. Nonrenewable resources- cannot be
replenished quickly by natural processes
1. Fossil fuels - coal and oil
2. Renewable or nonrenewable?
a. Depends -Is the loss large enough to change
ecosystem forever?
b. ex: single tree=renewable , but loss of
entire population of trees = nonrenewable
6-3
I. Biodiversity-sum total of the genetically
based variety of all organisms in the
biosphere
A. Ecosystem diversity-variety of habitats,
communities, and ecological processes in the
living world.
B. Species diversity-the # of different species in the
world; increases moving towards equator
C. Genetic diversity- the sum total of all the different
forms of genetic information carried by all
organisms living on Earth.
6-3
II. Importance of Biodiversity
A. Plants/ some animals produce
compounds that are beneficial to
humans
B. food, industry, medicinespainkillers, antibiotics, antidepressants; cancer/ heart drugs
6-3
III. Threats and Conservation Efforts
A. Loss of habitat1. degradation -damage by pollution
2. fragmentation- large habitats split into
pieces
B. Hunting- food, fur, pet stores (birds, fish),
poaching (ivory, furs)
C. Introduced species- may become invasive
species (lack predators); wipe-out native pops.
Ex: zebra mussels in Great Lakes, goats/
cats/pigs on islands, Kudzu; leafy spurge
6-3
D. Pollution- DDT effective pesticide- BUT
softened shells of birds’ eggs-osprey, brown
pelican, eagle
1. Rachel Carson- 1962 Silent Springbook about dangers of biological
magnification
2. Biological magnification–
concentration of toxins
increase at higher trophic
levels; DDT banned US-1970’s
6-3
E. Conservation- management of
resources, habitats, and wildlife
1. US Endangered Species Act-1973-illegal to
harm endang. or threatened species
2. Expand National Parks (or “green space” in
cities)
3. Habitat corridors-strips of land that allow
migration
4. Reintroduction programs- breed animals,
then release into wild
6-3
5. Identify global “hot spots”(organisms are in danger of
extinction due to human activity)so we raise awareness and work on
protecting those areas
6-4
F. Monitor ozone layer and global
climate system
1. Ozone layer- O3-protects Earth from
UV radiation- cancer, eye disease, tissue
damage in plants
2. CFC’s reduced (banned from
aerosols, remains in some coolants);
destroys ozone layer
3. Global warming or climate
change??-cycle or human
activity?- CO2 levels have
increased over past 200 yrsintensifies greenhouse effectClimate change
5-1
–
Population density is the number
of individuals
A. that are born each year.
B. per unit area.
C. that immigrate.
D. that emigrate.
5-1
–When the birthrate of a population
exceeds its death rate, the
population
A. decreases.
B. increases.
C. stays the same.
D. increases then decreases.
5-1
–An S-shaped curve on a graph of
population growth is characteristic
of
A. exponential growth.
B. logistic growth.
C. carrying capacity.
D. delayed growth.
5-1
– Exponential growth in a population
slows down or stops as
A. resources become limited.
B. rate of immigration increases.
C. rate of emigration decreases.
D. birth rate increases.
5-1
–Exponential growth rate means that each
new generation of a population
A. adds the same number of new
individuals as the previous generation
did.
B. increases at the same rate as the
previous generation
C. is the same size as the generation
before.
D. increases by a varying amount.
5-2
– A limiting factor that affects all
populations in similar ways
regardless of their size might be
A. drought.
B. disease.
C. predation.
D. crowding.
5-2
–Which of the following would be a
limiting factor directly affecting the
panda population of China?
A. programs that educate people
about endangered species
B. capture of some pandas for
placement in zoos
C. laws protecting habitat
destruction
D. a disease that kills bamboo plants
5-2
–Density-dependent factors
operate most strongly when a
population is
A. large and dense.
B. large but sparse.
C. small and sparse.
D. small, but growing.
5-2
–Within a limited area, if the
population of a predator
increases, the population of its
prey is likely to
A. increase.
B. decrease.
C. remain about the same.
D. become extinct.
5-2
–Which of the following is a
density-independent factor
affecting populations?
A. predation
B. disease
C. a destructive hurricane
D. parasites
5-3
–The size of the human population
began to increase exponentially
after the
A. bubonic plague.
B. development of plowing and
irrigation.
C. Industrial Revolution.
D. development of the first
cities.
5-3
–Which of the following is NOT a
potential limiting factor of
human population growth?
A. famine
B. medicine
C. war
D. disease
5-3
– After the demographic transition is
complete, a population
A. grows rapidly.
B. grows slowly.
C. begins a period of rapid decline.
D. stays about the same size as time
passes.
5-3
–An age-structure diagram shows
a breakdown of a population by
A. location and age group.
B. age group and gender.
C. birthrate and death rate.
D. age group and emigration
rate.
5-3
– Since the mid-1960s, the average
annual growth rate of the human
population has
A. remained about the same.
B. failed to show a consistent
pattern.
C. increased.
D. decreased.
6-1
– Today, the most important source of
environmental change on the planet
is
A. the green revolution.
B. wild plants.
C. human activity.
D. abiotic factors.
6-1
– The practice of planting a
single crop in the same place
year after year is called
A. uniculture.
B. monoculture.
C. the green revolution.
D. plant breeding.
6-1
–
One problem with modern
agriculture is that
A. chemical fertilizers don’t work.
B. chemical pesticides can damage
beneficial insects.
C. it has decreased world food
production.
D. new varieties of plants require little
water.
6-1
– One impact of early hunting and
gathering groups in North America
might have been
A. changing the climate from very cold
to much warmer.
B. the elimination of forests.
C. a mass extinction of large mammals
about 12,000 years ago.
D. the development of large civilizations
in Central and South America.
6-1
–
Most of the energy for industry
comes from
A. the sun.
B. nuclear power plants.
C. moving water.
D. fossil fuels.
6-2
–Which of the following is a
nonrenewable resource?
A. trees
B. grasses used by grazing
animals
C. oxygen in the air
D. fossil fuels
6-2
– Which of the following is a
sustainable-use strategy that can help
prevent desertification?
A. contour plowing
B. protecting wetlands
C. aquaculture
D. selective harvesting of trees
6-2
– The advantage of sustainable
development is that it
A. provides for human needs without
depleting natural resources.
B. produces additional fossil fuels.
C. protects wildlife from hunters and
other threats.
D. is a natural process that regulates
itself.
6-2
– A mixture of chemicals that occurs
as a haze in the atmosphere is known
as
A. smog.
B. acid rain.
C. particulates.
D. fog.
6-2
– Plowing the land removes the roots
that hold the soil in place and
increases the rate of
A. pollution.
B. soil erosion.
C. deforestation.
D. soil formation.
6-3
– The type of biodiversity that includes
the inheritance information carried
by the Earth’s organisms is called
A. biological magnification.
B. ecological diversity.
C. genetic diversity.
D. species diversity.
6-3
– Populations of invasive species
tend to
A. decrease.
B. increase rapidly.
C. remain constant.
D. increase, then decrease.
6-3
– The wise management of natural
resources, including the preservation
of habitats and wildlife, is known as
A. biodiversity.
B. conservation.
C. habitat alteration.
D. ecosystem diversity.
6-3
– By focusing on protecting specific
ecosystems, biologists hope to
preserve
A. global biodiversity.
B. biological magnification.
C. invasive species.
D. habitat fragmentation.
6-3
– In a food pyramid, biological
magnification results in the
A. increased amount of a toxic
substance in organisms at the lowest
level.
B. increased amount of a toxic substance
in organisms at the highest level.
C. decreased number of levels in the
food pyramid.
D. increased amount of a toxic
substance in the surrounding air or
water.
6-4
– An increase in the average
temperature of the biosphere is
called
A. the greenhouse effect.
B. global warming or climate
change.
C. ozone depletion.
D. climate control.
6-4
– The geological record indicates that
Earth’s climate has
A. remained essentially the same
throughout history.
B. been constant until humans have
influenced the environment.
C. changed dramatically every 150
years.
D. repeatedly changed over its
history.
6-4
–
A possible effect of global warming is
A. extinction of organisms in areas where
they once thrived.
B. an increase in global surface temperature
of 20 Celsius degrees.
C. a sharp decrease in the temperature of
the waters off the coast of California.
D. complete elimination of the protective
ozone layer in the atmosphere.
6-4
– Depletion of Earth’s protective
ozone layer results in
A. a decrease in the amount of heat
that reaches the surface.
B. a decrease in the amount of UV
radiation that reaches the surface.
C. an increase in the amount of
rainfall.
D. an increase in the amount of UV
radiation that reaches the surface.
6-4
–
The most likely cause of ozone
depletion is the
A. addition of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.
B. increase in UV radiation from the sun.
C. addition of chemicals developed for use
in refrigeration and aerosol cans.
D. increase in the amount of smog
produced by automobiles.
5-1
–
Population density is the number
of individuals
A. that are born each year.
B. per unit area.
C. that immigrate.
D. that emigrate.
5-1
–When the birthrate of a population
exceeds its death rate, the
population
A. decreases.
B. increases.
C. stays the same.
D. increases then decreases.
5-1
–An S-shaped curve on a graph of
population growth is characteristic
of
A. exponential growth.
B. logistic growth.
C. carrying capacity.
D. delayed growth.
5-1
– Exponential growth in a population
slows down or stops as
A. resources become limited.
B. rate of immigration increases.
C. rate of emigration decreases.
D. birth rate increases.
5-1
–Exponential growth rate means that each
new generation of a population
A. adds the same number of new
individuals as the previous generation
did.
B. increases at the same rate as the
previous generation
C. is the same size as the generation
before.
D. increases by a varying amount.
5-2
– A limiting factor that affects all
populations in similar ways
regardless of their size might be
A. drought.
B. disease.
C. predation.
D. crowding.
5-2
–Which of the following would be a
limiting factor directly affecting the
panda population of China?
A. programs that educate people
about endangered species
B. capture of some pandas for
placement in zoos
C. laws protecting habitat
destruction
D. a disease that kills bamboo plants
5-2
–Density-dependent factors
operate most strongly when a
population is
A. large and dense.
B. large but sparse.
C. small and sparse.
D. small, but growing.
5-2
–Within a limited area, if the
population of a predator
increases, the population of its
prey is likely to
A. increase.
B. decrease.
C. remain about the same.
D. become extinct.
5-2
–Which of the following is a
density-independent factor
affecting populations?
A. predation
B. disease
C. a destructive hurricane
D. parasites
5-3
–The size of the human population
began to increase exponentially
after the
A. bubonic plague.
B. development of plowing and
irrigation.
C. Industrial Revolution.
D. development of the first
cities.
5-3
–Which of the following is NOT a
potential limiting factor of
human population growth?
A. famine
B. medicine
C. war
D. disease
5-3
– After the demographic transition is
complete, a population
A. grows rapidly.
B. grows slowly.
C. begins a period of rapid decline.
D. stays about the same size as time
passes.
5-3
–An age-structure diagram shows
a breakdown of a population by
A. location and age group.
B. age group and gender.
C. birthrate and death rate.
D. age group and emigration
rate.
5-3
– Since the mid-1960s, the average
annual growth rate of the human
population has
A. remained about the same.
B. failed to show a consistent
pattern.
C. increased.
D. decreased.
6-1
– Today, the most important source of
environmental change on the planet
is
A. the green revolution.
B. wild plants.
C. human activity.
D. abiotic factors.
6-1
– The practice of planting a
single crop in the same place
year after year is called
A. uniculture.
B. monoculture.
C. the green revolution.
D. plant breeding.
6-1
–
One problem with modern
agriculture is that
A. chemical fertilizers don’t work.
B. chemical pesticides can damage
beneficial insects.
C. it has decreased world food
production.
D. new varieties of plants require little
water.
6-1
– One impact of early hunting and
gathering groups in North America
might have been
A. changing the climate from very
cold to much warmer.
B. the elimination of forests.
C. a mass extinction of large
mammals about 12,000 years ago.
D. the development of large
civilizations in Central and South
America.
6-1
–
Most of the energy for industry
comes from
A. the sun.
B. nuclear power plants.
C. moving water.
D. fossil fuels.
6-2
–Which of the following is a
nonrenewable resource?
A. trees
B. grasses used by grazing
animals
C. oxygen in the air
D. fossil fuels
6-2
– Which of the following is a
sustainable-use strategy that can help
prevent desertification?
A. contour plowing
B. protecting wetlands
C. aquaculture
D. selective harvesting of trees
6-2
– The advantage of sustainable
development is that it
A. provides for human needs without
depleting natural resources.
B. produces additional fossil fuels.
C. protects wildlife from hunters and
other threats.
D. is a natural process that regulates
itself.
6-2
– A mixture of chemicals that occurs
as a haze in the atmosphere is known
as
A. smog.
B. acid rain.
C. particulates.
D. fog.
6-2
– Plowing the land removes the roots
that hold the soil in place and
increases the rate of
A. pollution.
B. soil erosion.
C. deforestation.
D. soil formation.
6-3
– The type of biodiversity that includes
the inheritance information carried
by the Earth’s organisms is called
A. biological magnification.
B. ecological diversity.
C. genetic diversity.
D. species diversity.
6-3
– Populations of invasive species
tend to
A. decrease.
B. increase rapidly.
C. remain constant.
D. increase, then decrease.
6-3
– The wise management of natural
resources, including the preservation
of habitats and wildlife, is known as
A. biodiversity.
B. conservation.
C. habitat alteration.
D. ecosystem diversity.
6-3
– By focusing on protecting specific
ecosystems, biologists hope to
preserve
A. global biodiversity.
B. biological magnification.
C. invasive species.
D. habitat fragmentation.
6-3
– In a food pyramid, biological
magnification results in the
A. increased amount of a toxic
substance in organisms at the lowest
level.
B. increased amount of a toxic substance
in organisms at the highest level.
C. decreased number of levels in the
food pyramid.
D. increased amount of a toxic
substance in the surrounding air or
water.
6-4
– An increase in the average
temperature of the biosphere is
called
A. the greenhouse effect.
B. global warming or climate
change.
C. ozone depletion.
D. climate control.
6-4
– The geological record indicates that
Earth’s climate has
A. remained essentially the same
throughout history.
B. been constant until humans have
influenced the environment.
C. changed dramatically every 150
years.
D. repeatedly changed over its
history.
6-4
–
A possible effect of global warming is
A. extinction of organisms in areas where
they once thrived.
B. an increase in global surface temperature
of 20 Celsius degrees.
C. a sharp decrease in the temperature of
the waters off the coast of California.
D. complete elimination of the protective
ozone layer in the atmosphere.
6-4
– Depletion of Earth’s protective
ozone layer results in
A. a decrease in the amount of heat
that reaches the surface.
B. a decrease in the amount of UV
radiation that reaches the surface.
C. an increase in the amount of
rainfall.
D. an increase in the amount of UV
radiation that reaches the surface.
6-4
–
The most likely cause of ozone
depletion is the
A. addition of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.
B. increase in UV radiation from the sun.
C. addition of chemicals developed for use
in refrigeration and aerosol cans.
D. increase in the amount of smog
produced by automobiles.