Transcript Fisheries_302

Fisheries
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What is included
Generalized history
Declines in salmon populations
Indian Fishing Rights
Public Policy Battles related to
Endangered Species Act listings
of salmon
• Where are we headed?
Diverse Species & Locations
• Salmon: Chinook, sockeye, silver,
steelhead, other - Aquaculture
• Groundfish
• Clams – Razor, butter/steamer, geoduck
• Oysters
• Mussels
• Shrimp
• Dungeness Crab
• Albacore Tuna
• Herring and Smelt
• Scallops
Generalized Early History - Salmon
• Early packing in salt
• Steam canning (1860’s) - explosion
of salmon trapping
• Overharvesting in early days
• Logging impacts on habitat
• Lack of harvest regulation
• Initiative 77
• International Joint Commission
Fishing at Celilo Falls, Columbia River (n.d.)
Source: UW Libraries Digital Collections - Industries & Occupations Collection
Scow Fish Wheel Columbia River (n.d.)
Source: UW Libraries Digital Collections - Industries & Occupations Collection
Fishermen Horse Seining, Sand Island, Columbia River (n.d.)
Source: UW Libraries Digital Collections - Industries & Occupations Collection
Brailing Salmon From a Fish Trap, Possibly Puget Sound (n.d.)
Source: UW Libraries Digital Collections - Industries & Occupations Collection
Scow Load of Salmon On Way to Cannery, Puget Sound (n.d.)
Source: UW Libraries Digital Collections - Industries & Occupations Collection
Canned Salmon Being Unloaded (1913)
Source: UW Libraries Digital Collections - Industries & Occupations Collection
Purse Seine Fishing Boat, Puget Sound (n.d.)
Source: UW Libraries Digital Collections - Industries & Occupations Collection
Issaquah Salmon Hatchery (1935)
Source: UW Libraries Digital Collections - Industries & Occupations Collection
Declines in Salmon Populations
Research started in the 1920’s leads by the
1960’s to knowledge of key factors:
• Dam construction
• High Seas Fishery
• Habitat damage
• Lack of catch regulation near to spawning
regions
Early response: 200 mile fishery economic
zone
Recent “salmon wars” U.S. & B.C. fishers
Indian Fishing Rights: First Puget
Sound, but now everywhere
Treaties from the 1850’s
The Boldt Decision:
50/50 split of harvests among native &
non-native fishers
Reactions from Washington State, white
Fishers - both recreational and
commercial
Subsequent rulings: principles of habitat
restoration & no further degredation
Dams and Declining Columbia
River Harvests
• Initial concept - fish ladders
• Impact of reservoirs on movement
downstream of juvenile fish: warm water,
dam turbines, use of barges, spring “freshet”
• Listing of stocks as endangered or threatened
• Interior Columbia River Basin Ecosystem
Management Project
• ??Breaching of Lower Snake River Dams??
The General Strategy for ColumbiaSnake River Salmon Stocks: 4-H
• Avoid extinction
• Achieve recovery
Via the 4 H’s:
Habitat, Hydro, Hatchery, Harvest
Jan. 25 2006: Jim Connaughton, Chairman
of White House CEQ proposed reduced
hatchery and harvest activity at a major
conference in Portland OR
Context: How to Cope with Listing of Salmon
Species on the Columbia-Snake River System
• Biological Opinions required from USFWS
under Endangered Species Act
• Development of the “Federal Caucus”- ? A
legally mandated but possible fractured
marriage?
• Litigants, and the 2004 Opinion of FWS
• 2004 Biop Remand; 2008 Biop Opinion;
2010 Supplemental Salmon BiOp
• Judge Redden in August 2011 remands
again; subsequent filings
Logo of this group of Federal Agencies
• Agencies In this Consortium:
– Federal Caucus Agencies
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - Endangered Species Act (ESA)
jurisdiction over anadromous fish; also has a role regulating fisheries.
US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) - ESA jurisdiction over plants, wildlife, and resident fish; also
operates and administers hatchery programs and national wildlife refuges.
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) - markets electricity from federal dams; also has a key role
funding fish and wildlife mitigation.
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) - operates federal dams and locks for multiple uses.
US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) - operates federal dams for multiple uses.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - implements and enforces the Clean Water Act.
US Forest Service (USFS) - manages the national forest system.
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - manages 16,233,739 acres of public lands in Oregon and
370,110 acres in Washington for wildlife, recreation, timber harvest, livestock grazing, mineral extraction
and other public uses.
Image of salmon issues on Federal Caucus Webpage
From
The
Federal
Caucus
Dec. 2011
70-80%
Hatchery
Fish
From The
Federal
Caucus
Dec. 2011
70-80%
Are hatchery
Fish
From the
Federal Caucus
Dec. 2011
70-80%
Are hatchery
Fish
From The
Federal
Caucus
Dec. 2011
70% to 80%
Are Hatchery
Fish
From the 2008 FCRPS Biological Opinion
From Executive
Summary of 2008
Biological Opinion
Of NOAA Fisheries,
Adopted by the
Sovereign parties in
2008. Expected to be
In place for at least
10 years.
• February – Judge Redden invites voluntary remand
• Action agencies address climate change, toxics, invasive
species, hatchery fish
• June – Judge Redden establishes timeline & framework
for evaluating the Supplemental BiOp
• The 2008 BiOp was challenged by the State of Oregon
and a group of fishing and conservation groups.
• In 2014 NOAA issues yet another BiOp, for management actions
out to the year 2018
From December 2009 Press Release
From 2011 BPA Press Release
Listing of Puget Sound Salmon
Species as Endangered or Threatened
• First case where urban areas, counties, and
state lands are key to restoration
• Requires coordination with USFS
• Currently establishment of measurement
systems, planning frameworks, strategies for
restoration
• NMFS coordinating planning efforts
In 2015: the players
Native American nations
Environmental organizations
Federal land management agencies
Federal power producing agencies (COE; BR)
Federal agencies with regulatory power
(NWP&CC, NMFS)
Fisheries Industry
Recreational Sport Fishers
State & Local Governments
Where is all this headed?
• Who knows!
• Problems extend well beyond salmon
–(oysters, crabs, bottomfish)
• The issue extends to Northwest
ecosystems - both timber & rangeland
• Illustration: 1/30/2000 story on bears in
Rivers Inlet B.C.
• Frameworks for solution? NEPA?
Endangered Species Act? Congress?
International organizations?
Old slides
• The next few slides are older, and just
archived for historical purposes
From the 2008 FCRPS Biological Opinion
From the 2008 FCRPS Biological Opinion
From the 2008 FCRPS Biological Opinion