Transcript Week 3 - Cloudfront.net

Dispatch
Take out calendar and give 3 upcoming deadlines
Get notes and notebook out and get ready for
entrance quiz 2
Pick up lab book
Look at animal behavior lab files for methods and
materials
BACKGROUND: on MEALWORMS
Lunch: Test review and question for Morris
What Is Behavior?
• Behavior
– Is what an animal does and how it does it
– Includes muscular and nonmuscular activity
Dorsal fin
Figure 51.2
Anal fin
Fixed Action Patterns
• A fixed action pattern (FAP)
– Is a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors
that is unchangeable
– Once initiated, is usually carried to
completion
• A FAP is triggered by an external sensory
stimulus
– Known as a sign stimulus
• In male stickleback fish, the stimulus for
attack behavior
– Is the red underside of an intruder
(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.
Figure 51.3a
• When presented with unrealistic models
– As long as some red is present, the attack
behavior occurs
(b) The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no
aggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. The
other models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.
Figure 51.3b
• Proximate and ultimate causes for the FAP
attack behavior in male stickleback fish
BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting
territory.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus
that releases aggression in a male stickleback.
Figure 51.4
ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases
the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.
Imprinting
• Imprinting is a type of behavior
– That includes both learning and innate
components and is generally irreversible
Imprinting is distinguished from other types of learning by
a sensitive period
A limited phase in an animal’s development that is the
only time when certain behaviors can be learned
An example of imprinting is young geese
Following their mother
• There are proximate and ultimate causes
for this type of behavior
BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young
geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother
receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of
surviving than those that do not follow their mother.
Figure 51.5
Behavior and Territories
• http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte
nt/chp53/5302001.html
Social Behavior
Agonistic Behavior
• aggression/submission
+ competition for food, mates, territory
+ ritualized; reduces injury/energy
Dominance Hierarchies
• power and status relationships among groups
+ minimize fighting for food/mates
Territoriality
• possession/defense of territory
+ insures adequate food/space
Altruistic Behavior
• unselfish behavior that appears to reduce fitness
+ increases inclusive fitness
- ground squirrels
Kinesis and Taxis
• Nearly all animals are mobile at some point in their
life. For some lower animals, movement is
undirected and random, such as a Paramecium
blundering about its environment. Such undirected
orientation is called KINESIS.
• TAXIS is the term for movement in response to some
stimulus. Taxis involves more complex behavior
than kinesis, and is generally what we think of when
we think of movement.
Taxis
Animal Movement
Kinesis
• undirected change in speed of movement in response to stimulus
+ speed up in unfavorable; slow down in favorable
- light, touch, air temp., etc.
+ Avon bug in the bathroom tub
Taxis
• directed movement in response to stimulus
+ toward/away from stimulus
- phototaxis, chemotaxis
+ mosquitos and CO2
Migration
• long-distance, seasonal movement
+ availability of food, degradation of environment
- whales, birds, elks, insects, bats
Communication in Animals
Why do animals communicate? How do animals communicate?
Chemical
• pheromones
+ releaser pheromones cause immediate/specific behavioral changes
+ primer pheromones cause physiological changes
- marking your territory
Visual
• agonistic behavior
+ displays of aggression
• courtship behavior
+ announce participants as non-threatening/potential mates
Auditory
• sounds
+ whales, crickets, birds
Tactile
• touching
Learning
• Learning is the modification of behavior
– Based on specific experiences
• Learned behaviors
– Range from very simple to very complex
Classic conditioning
• http://vimeo.com/6217895
• What is the Stimulus and Response?
Operant Conditioning
• http://blogs.cornell.edu/gp08ha1115/files/2
010/04/Big-Bang-Theory-OB-21.mp4
• Operant conditioning is a form of psychological
learning where an individual modifies the
occurrence and form of its own behavior due to
the association of the behavior with a stimulus.
• Operant conditioning is distinguished from
classical conditioning (also called respondent
conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals
with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or
operant behavior
Take out yellow mini-book and write
the following HEADINGS. See
Vicktoria!
Invasive Species
Atmospheric Pollution
Habitat Destruction
Overexploitation
TEST TOMORROW 6 ECOLOGY CHAPTERS
Conserving the planet
QUESTIONS:
1) How are
humans
affecting
ecosystems?
2) Why should
humans
conserve other
species?
Population & species level
conservation
• Biodiversity hot spot: small
area with an exceptional
concentration of species
• Endemic species: species
found nowhere else
• Endangered species:
organism “in danger of extinction”
• Threatened species: likely to
become endangered in the
foreseeable future
Biodiversity: Human welfare
Why humans should protect
other species:
• 25% of all medical
prescriptions come from
plants
• Aesthetic and ethical
reasons
• Ecotourism can provide
money
• Forests regulate climate
Deforestation
• Throughout the tropics, rain forests are
being cut down. By different methods and
for different reasons, people in tropical
regions of the world are cutting down,
burning, or otherwise damaging the
forests. The process in which a forest is
cut down, burned or damaged is called
"deforestation."
• Global alarm has arisen because of
tropical rain forests destruction. Not only
are we losing beautiful areas, but the loss
also strikes deeper. Extinction of many
species and changes in our global climate
are effects of deforestation. If the world
continues at the current rate of
deforestation, the world's rainforests will
be gone within 100 years-causing
unknown effects to the global climate and
the elimination of the majority of plant and
animal species on the planet.
What is the relationship between
loss of habitat and loss of species?
Biodiversity crisis
• Extinction ~ natural phenomenon, however,
current rate is of concern
• 50% loss of species when
90% of habitat is lost
Major Threats:
• Habitat destruction ~ single greatest
threat; cause of 73% of species designation
as extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare; 93%
of coral reefs
• Competition by exotic (non-native)
species ~ cause of 68% of species
designation as extinct, endangered,
vulnerable, rare; travel
• Overexploitation ~ commercial harvest or
•
sport fishing; illegal trade
Pollution—environmental change that
adversely affects the lives and health of living
things
•
Toxins
in
the
Environment
Humans release an immense variety of toxic
chemicals
– Including thousands of synthetics previously
unknown to nature
• One of the reasons such toxins are so
harmful
– Is that they become more concentrated in
successive trophic levels of a food web
• In some cases, harmful substances
– Persist for long periods of time in an
ecosystem and continue to cause harm
• In biological
magnification
Figure 54.23
Herring
gull eggs
124 ppm
Concentration of PCBs
– Toxins concentrate at
higher trophic levels
because at these levels
biomass tends to be
lower
Lake trout
4.83 ppm
Smelt
1.04 ppm
Zooplankton
0.123 ppm
Phytoplankton
0.025 ppm
Rising Atmospheric CO2
• Due to the increased burning of fossil fuels
and other human activities
Figure 54.24
390
1.05
380
0.90
0.75
370
Temperature
0.60
360
0.45
350
0.30
340
CO2
330
0.15
0
Temperature variation (C)
CO2 concentration (ppm)
– The concentration of atmospheric CO2 has been
steadily increasing
320
0.15
310
 0.30
300
 0.45
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Acid Rain
• Scientists discovered, and have
confirmed, that sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and nitrogen oxides
(NOx) are the primary causes of
acid rain. In the US, About 2/3 of
all SO2 and 1/4 of all NOx
comes from electric power
generation that relies on burning
fossil fuels like coal.
• Prevailing winds blow the
compounds that cause both wet
and dry acid deposition across
state and national borders, and
sometimes over hundreds of
miles.
• North American and European ecosystems
downwind from industrial regions
– Have been damaged by rain and snow
containing nitric and sulfuric acid
4.6
4.3
4.6
4.3
4.6
Figure 54.21
North America
4.3
4.1
Europe
4.6
Conservation biology focus
• Preservationism: setting
side select areas as natural
and underdeveloped
• Resource conservation:
public lands to meet the
needs of agriculture and
extractive industries, i.e.,
”multiple use”
• Evolutionary / ecological
view: natural systems result
from millions of years of
evolution and ecosystem
processes are necessary to
Taxis