Transcript Animal Behavior Chapter 51

Animal Behavior
Chapter 51 (pgs. 1121-1149)
AP minknow
•The difference between a kinesis and a taxis.
•Various forms of animal communication.
•The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection.
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Introduction to Behavior and Behavioral Ecology
1.Define behavior.
2.Distinguish between proximate and ultimate questions about behavior.
3.Explain how genes and the environment contribute to behavior. Explain what is
unique about innate behavior.
4.Define fixed action patterns and give examples in fish and humans.
5.Explain how mayflies are threatened by an inappropriate response to an
environmental stimulus.
6.Describe the evolutionary basis for behavioral ecology. Explain why these
adaptations may result in suboptimal behavior.
7.Explain why it is useful to use evolutionary principles as a guide to behavioral
research.
8.Explain the optimal foraging theory and illustrate it with examples.
Learning
9.Explain how learning, maturation, and habituation influence behavior.
10.Define imprinting and explain the importance of the sensitive period. Illustrate
these concepts using examples from bird song.
11.Distinguish between classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
12.Define play and describe several possible adaptive advantages of this behavior.
Animal Cognition
13.Describe the ultimate bases of learning.
14.Describe and illustrate with examples kinesis, taxis, landmarks, cognitive maps,
and migration.
15.Explain the problems of defining and studying consciousness.
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Social Behavior and Sociobiology
16.Define sociobiology and describe the development of this field of
behavior.
17.Define agonistic behavior, dominance hierarchy, and territories; give
examples of each.
18.Describe the typical circumstances associated with the defense of
territories.
19.Describe the advantages of courtship.
20.Explain how parental investment influences the different mating
behaviors of males and females.
21.Define and distinguish between monogamous and polygamous mating
relationships and between polygyny and polyandry.
22.Describe how the certainty of paternity influences the development of
mating systems.
23.Describe the various modes of communication.
24.Relate an animal's mode of communication to its lifestyle.
25.Explain how honeybees communicate information about the location of
sources of food.
26.Discuss why altruistic behavior might evolve.
27.Relate the coefficient of relatedness to the concept of altruism.
28.Define Hamilton's rule and the concept of kin selection.
29.Define reciprocal altruism.
30.Describe the premise of sociobiology.
51.1 Discrete sensory inputs can
stimulate both simple and complex
behaviors.
• Behavior
– Is what an animal does and how it does
it.
• It is….a result of genetic and
environmental factors
• essential for survival and reproduction
• And is subject to natural selection
• Ethology – Study of animal behavior.
– There are two fundamental levels in
which behavior can be analyzed.
• Proximate causes of behavior are
the “how” questions. Focuses on the
immediate stim. and the mechanism
for the behavior.
• Ultimate causes are the “why”
questions. Focuses on how the
behavior contributes to survival and
reproduction
Dorsal fin
Anal fin
•A courting pair of East Asian red-crowned
cranes (Grus japonicus) TOP
•A male African cichlid (Neolamprologus
tetracephalus) with erect fins BOTTOM
Figure 51.4 Proximate and ultimate perspectives on
aggressive behavior by male sticklebacks
BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its
nesting territory.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus
that releases aggression in a male stickleback.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases
the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.
Figure 51.5 Proximate and ultimate perspectives on
imprinting in graylag geese
BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young
geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother
receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of
surviving than those that do not follow their mother.
51.2 Many behaviors have a strong genetic
component.
• unlearned and
developmentally fixed
behaviors.
– Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) – a
sequence of unlearned and
mostly unchangeable acts.
(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.
• Triggered by a sign stimuli.
(ext. sensory stim.)
• The Waggle Dance
• Migration
(b) The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no
aggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. The
other models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.
Innate Behaviors (cont.)
• A Kinesis – is
a simple
change in
behavior in
response to a
stimuli.
• A Taxis – is
an automatic
movement to
or from a
stimuli.
Dry open
area
Moist site
under leaf
(a) Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter
and stay in a moist environment.
Direction
of river
current
(b) Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the
direction from which most food comes.
• Circadian Rhythms
– Occur on a daily cycle.
• Light can play a major
role.
• Longer cycles can be
triggered by different day
length or lunar cycle
• A Signal is a behavior
that causes a change
in behavior of another
organism.
– What are three types of
signals? How do
organisms use them to
communicate?
• Chemical –
pheromones
• Visual – the arching of
a shark
• Auditory – crickets,
birds, whales
51.3 Environment, interacting with an
animal’s genetic makeup, influences the
development of behaviors.
• Learning is the modification of behavior based on
specific experiences.
– Imprinting
• combination of learned and innate components. Limited to a
sensitive period in an organisms life.
– Habituation
• loss of responsiveness to a stimuli due to little or no information.
– Associative Learning
• ability to associate one environmental feature to another.
– Classical Conditioning – associate stimuli with reward/punishment
– Operant Conditioning – associate behavior with reward/punishment
– Cognition (insight)
• ability to perceive, store, process, and use information (reasoning,
complex)
51.3 Nature vs Nurture?? Which has a
greater influence?
51.4 Behavioral traits can evolve by
natural selection.
• Foraging behavior –
includes eating as well as
the mechanisms used in
searching, recognizing,
and capturing of food.
• The optimal foraging
model – is the most
efficient way for organisms
to obtain energy.
– It takes into account energy
spent and energy gains.
– It is shaped by natural
selection.
Thamnophis elegans
California
Stevan Arnold
Predator and potential prey
Read
Variation
in Prey
Selection
On page
1118
(a) A garter snake
(Thamnophis elegans)
(b) A banana slug (Ariolimus
californicus); not to scale
Aggressiveness of funnel web spiders (Agelenopsis aperta)
living in two environments
Desert
grassland
population
Read
Variation in
Aggressive
Behavior on
page 1119.
Time to attack (seconds)
60
50
Riparian
population
40
30
20
10
0
Field
Lab-raised
generation 1
Population
Lab-raised
generation 2
Evidence of a genetic basis for migratory
orientation
Read Migratory
Patterns in
Blackcaps on
page 1120
(a) Blackcaps placed in a funnel cage left marks indicating the
direction in which they were trying to migrate.
N
Adults from
BRITAIN
E Britain and
W
F1 offspring
of British
adults
S
N
Young
from SW
Germany
(b) Wintering blackcaps captured in Britain and their laboratory-raised
offspring had a migratory orientation toward the west, while young
birds from Germany were oriented toward the southwest.
E
W
Mediterranean
Sea
S
Natural selection favors behaviors that
increase survival and reproductive success.
• Mating systems
– Promiscuous
– Monogamous
– Polygamous
• Polygyny (single male)
• Polyandry (single female
• Agnostic Behaviors –
ritualized contests that
determines which
competitor gains
access to a resource.
Relationship between mating system and
male and female forms
Since
monogamous
species, such as
these
(a) trumpeter swans,
are
often
monomorphic,
males and females
are difficult to
distinguish using
external
characteristics
only.
Among
polygynous
(b) species, such as
elk,
the male (left) is
often
highly
ornamented.
(c
) In polyandrous species, such as
these Wilson’s phalaropes,
females (top) are generally more
ornamented than males.
Figure 51.26 Paternal care by a
male jawfish
• Certainty of
Paternity
– High in external
fertilization
cases like this
Jawfish
• If certainty of
paternity is
HIGH then
Cases of
Paternal care
INCREASES
Eggs
Male polymorphism in the side-blotched
lizard (Uta stansburiana)
Read
Applying
Game
Theory on
page 1127
Mate choice copying by female guppies
(Poecilia reticulata)
Control Sample
Read mate
choice copying
on page 1131
Male guppies
with varying
degrees of
coloration
Female guppies prefer
males with more orange
coloration.
Experimental Sample
Female model
engaged in
courtship with
less orange
male
Female guppies prefer less
orange males that are associated
with another female.
51.6 The concept of inclusive fitness can
account for most altruistic social behavior
• Altruism occurs when
animals behave in ways
that reduce their
individual fitness, but
increases fitness of other
individuals in the
population.
• Inclusive fitness is the
total effect an individual
has on proliferating its
genes by producing
offspring then aiding and
protecting them and
close relatives.
– The natural selection that
causes this altruistic
behavior is kin selection
Hamilton’s Rule and Kin Selection
• William Hamilton
(evolutionary biologist)
– Proposed a
quantitative measure
predicting when
natural selection
would favor altruistic
behavior
Parent A
Parent B

OR
• Three key variables
– B (benefit to
recipient)
– C (cost to altruist)
– r (coefficient of
relatedness)
1/
1/
(0.5)
probability
Sibling 1
(0.5)
probability
2
Sibling 2
2