Transcript animal kingdom ii

ANIMAL KINGDOM II
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms – flat, elongated, bilateral
symmetry
 Acoelomate – no body cavity, soft
bodied
 20,000 species, some parasitic
 Simple nervous and digestive system
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Class Turbellaria
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Examples:
Planaria
eyespots detect
light
food and waste go
in and out the
same opening
Class Trematoda - Flukes
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Infect 200 million that live in tropical areas
Schistosoma – human blood flukes – have
intermediate aquatic snail host
Class Cestoda - Tapeworms
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Tapeworms – 5000 species
Parasites – live in every type vertebrates
Long, flat, ribbon-like bodies
Scolex - head with suckers and hooks
Proglottids – many tapeworms have 2000
+ some tapes can be up to 100 feet long
Each proglottid has male and female
reproductive structures
Digested food from host absorbed by tape
Scolex
Tapeworm
Proglottids
Beef Tapeworm life cycle
Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
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Roundworms 20,000 species
Soil, fresh water and marine, in the body
of host
Round, tubular body
 small or microscopic
 bilateral symmetry
 have both a mouth and anus
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Nematoda
Trichina worms - uncooked meat- found in many animals
Common intestinal parasite
Hookworm – hook onto lining of intestines and suck
blood, cause anemia
Pinworms
Trichinella
Hookworm
Phylum Molluska
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Clams, oysters, snails, slugs, octopus,
squids – 50,000 species
Most marine
Soft bodied – have foot with viseral mass
above foot
Mantle covers visceral mass and secretes
shell and forms mantle cavity that contain
gills
Radula – beltlike teeth in mouth, not
found in clams
Class Gastropoda
Snails, slugs, nudibranch
 Head-foot, and radula
 Some separate sexes, some
hermaphrodites
 Torsion – a unique twisting
of the visceral mass –
allows head to be withdrawn
first
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Gastropods
Gastropods
Class Bivalvia
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Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
Enclosed in 2 part shell
Shell connected by elastic ligament and
adductor muscle
Mother of pearl inner part of shell used for
jewelry - secretion of calcium carbonate
makes pearls
Oysters are filter feeders
Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda – Octopus, Squid
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Mouth surrounded by tentacles – octopus
has eight, squid has 10, nautilus up to 90
Tentacles have suckers for seizing prey active predators
Mouth has beak for biting, tearing prey
Ejects water through siphon for propulsion
Ink sac secretes ink for defense
Squid
Octopus
Phylum Annelida
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Earthworm
Polycheate
Leech
Phylum Annelida
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Segmented worms
Polychaetes, earthworms & leeches
ganglia like brain – ventral nerve cord
Closed circulatory system
Complete digestive tract
Respiration through skin or gills
Some burrow in dirt
Class Polychaeta – Marine Worms
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Swim freely – parapodia 2 per segment
Have bristles on segments
No well developed head
Burrow in mud and form tubes
Gametes free swimming, released into water
and form zygote
Class Hirudinea - Leaches
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Most are blood suckers
Fresh water – no setae or parapodia
Posterior and anterior suckers
Blood stored in digestive tract
Can suck out own weight in 30 minutes
Hirudin an anticoagulant that the leech secretes
prevents clotting at wound site
Sometimes used after surgery to prevent
swelling
“Old Days” used these animals to draw blood
from bites and stings, draw “bad blood”
Leeches
Class Oligochaeta
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Earthworms – 3000 species
Live in fresh water and moist terrestrial habitats
Bristles on segments, no developed head
Hermaphroditic
Common earthworm 8 inches long over 100 segments
Body has circular and longitudinal muscles
Eat through soil Pharynx – Esophagus – Crop (stores
food) – Gizzard (food ground up) – Intestines (digested
and absorbed) – Anus (waste eliminated
Closed circulatory system
Paired cerebral ganglia
Earthworm
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Clitellum - site where two worms press
together – a sticky cocoon passed over
worm – sperm and egg deposited –
fertilization occurs - tiny worms formed
in capsule
Class Bryozoa – Moss animals
Sessile 5000 species
Phylum Rotifera
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Small – size of protozoa 2000 species
Crown of cilia - appearance of spinning
wheel when eating – filter feeders
Phylum Echinodermata
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Hard, spiny skin
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Live in salt water
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Radial symmetry
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name means ‘spiney skinned’
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endoskeleton
Class Crinoidea feather stars, sea lilies
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Few species feather stars motile, sea lilies
sessile
Filter feeders
Feather star
Sea lilie
Class Asteroidea Sea Stars
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5 – 20 arms underside contains tube feet
Carnivores can separate bivalves –
stomach slips in and dissolves soft part –
absorbed
Circulatory and nervous system
Sea Star Anatomy
Class Ophiuroidea Brittle and Basket stars
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Largest group – long slender arms that
can move
Class Holothuroidea
Sea Cucumbers
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Sluggish bottom dwellers
Can eviscerate when attacked and secrete
sticky substance against attacker
Phylum Arthropoda
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Most successful animal phyla
One million species – 80% of all animals
Most diverse – live in greater habitat range
Segmented body, hard chitin exoskeleton
Shed (molt) exoskeleton, grow larger one
Paired jointed appendages
Open circulatory system
Brain, ventral nerve cord
Divided into 3 subphyla
Subphylum Myriapoda – centipeds and millipeds
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Class Chilopoda – centipedes
Terrestrial – most are carnivors
One pair legs per segment
Poision claws behind head capture, kill prey
Centipede
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Class Diplopoda – Millipedes
Most are hebivorous, crawl slowly
Two pair legs on body segments
Single pair antenna
Millipede
Subphylum Chilicerata
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Class Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs
 Ancient group of species
 Changed little over 350 million years
 Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulf
coasts of United States.
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Class Arachnida
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy long legs
2 body segments
6 pair jointed appendages – 4 legs
Eight pair eyes in rows of four
Tracheal tubes, book lungs
Silk glands in abdomen – secret silk from
spinnerets to build nest and trap food
Black widow neurotoxin
Brown recluse – destroy tissue
Ticks parasitic on dogs, deer – transmit diseases
Rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease
Brown Recluse
Brown Recluse Bite
Black Widow
Subphylum Crustacea, Lobster, Crab,
Shrimp, Barnacles
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3 pair appendages
Compound eyes
Biting mandibles, grind food
Gills for respiration
Separate sexes
Barnacles only sessile group
Marine copepods largest group of plankton
Subphylum Crustacea
Subphylum Hexapoda - Insects
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Class Insecta – Most successful of all animals
Antennae
Head – thorax – abdomen – 3 parts
3 pair legs from thorax
Some have 1 or 2 pair of wings
Complex mouth parts – mandible, maxilla, bite,
pierce, chew, suck
Spiracle – tracheal tubes – internal organs
Malpighian tubules excrete waste from blood
Separate sexes, internal fertilization
Insects
Phylum Chordata
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Tunicates, Lancets and Vertebrates
Bilateral symmetry, endoskelekton - closed
circulation
Notochord – firm flexible rod supports body
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Subphylum Urochordata
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Invertebrate chordates – tunicates and lancets
and sea squirts
Larvae swim, attach to bottom, grow as sessile
animal
Larvae has pharyngeal slits
Tunic – provide covering for incurrent and
excurrent siphons
Tunicates
Lancet
Subphylum Vertebrata
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Our closest relatives – 48000 species
Have vertebral column – enclosed spinal cord
Cranium and vertebral column part of endoskeleton
Pronounced cephalization, 10 – 12 cranial nerves
Sense organs - sight, smell, hearing, touch taste
Two pair appendages
Closed circulatory system- hemoglobin in blood
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Separate sexes
Excretory system – paired kidneys
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
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Lampreys, hagfish – freshwater fish
Cartilaginous skeletons
Eel shaped – 3 feet long no scales
Hagfish burrow for worms
Lampreys jawless, live in ocean, reproduce
in fresh water
Some parasitic
Sucking disc around mouth attach to fish
and suck blood
Lampreys - Hagfish
Class Chondrichthyes
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Sharks, Rays, Skates, Chimera
Most Marine, whales largest vertebrates
Rays, skates are flat, slow, burrow in sand feed on
mussels, clams
Barb in tail of rays, large pectoral fins
Electric ray stores charge in muscle tissue
Paired jaws
Sharks produce new teeth located in rows behind new
teeth
Sharks have no air bladder
Streamlined body for predation
Largest sharks are plankton eaters
30 species known to attack man
Chondrichthyes
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Have brain and spinal cords
Lateral line (in all fish) can detect motion
No lungs - seven pair of gills for gas exchange
Complete digestive tract
Separate sexes – males have clasper that
transfer sperm to female cloaca
Oviparious – lay eggs – skates, rays, and some
sharks
Ovoviviparious – eggs incubated and hatched
within mother – many sharks
Viviparious – embryo developed within uterus –
few sharks
Shark Anatomy
Class Actinopterygii
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Bony skeletons many vertebra paired fins
Operculum covers gills
Oviparious lay and externally fertilize eggs
Modified lung – swim bladder
1 cm – 4 m Mola Mola (sunfish) largest
Class Amphibia
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First successful land vertebrates
Undergo metamorphosis
Camouflage coloration
3 chambered heart
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Order urodela – Salamanders, Mudpuppies,
newts
Order anura – frogs, toads some poisionous
tadpoles have gills - lose tale and gills
Order Apoda - caecillians
Class Reptilia
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Turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, crocodiles
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Order Crocodilia - alligators, crocodiles
Crocs largest
Most live in swamps, some over 23 feet long
Carnivours, ectothermic
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Order Squamata
Snakes, lizards – ectothermic
Most common reptile
Scales overlap
Small lizard to komono dragon of indonesia – up to 100
pounds
Jointed jaw, poor sight
High sense of smell on tongue
Pit viper pumps toxin into prey – hemotoxin
Coral snake is a neurotoxin – nerve interference
Rattlesnake, copperhead, cottonmouth & coral
King snake, rat snake, pythons are constrictors, smother
Snakes
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Order Testudines Turtles – protective shell
Small to large 6’ 1000 lbs
Land – tortoises - Marine –terapins
Loggerheads, Leatherbacks, Kemps Ridley
Class Aves – Birds 9000 species
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Lay eggs, reptile like scales on legs
Hummingbirds to ostrich (6 feet, 300 lbs)
Feather protect, bones hollow and light
Penguins don’t fly
Different beaks for different environments
Nervous system
Digestive system
Very vocal and alert
Different feeding and reproductive habits
Males usually more colorful
Class Mammalia
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Hair, mammary glands, 3 middle earbones
Lungs, diaphragm move air in and out
Endothermic metabolism produces heat
4 chambered heart
Complex nervous system
Internal fertilization
Viviparous develop placenta
Inhabit all environments
Subclass Holotheria – Monotremes
duck billed platypus, spiny ant eater
Lay eggs in pouch or warm nest – nipples absent,
young lap up milk secreted by mother
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Duck Billed Platypus
Spiny Anteater
Subclass Metatheria – Marsupials – pouched animals
Embryos still undevelopjed will be born and climb to mothers piuch –
development occurs here
Mother has nippples to feed young
Kangaroo, opossum
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marsupials
Subclass Eutheria – placental animals
Placenta allows developing fetus to remain in
mothers body until fully developed
Fetus more mature at birth