Transcript Alien Invasive Species

The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species
Dealing with Alien Invasive Species since 1952
Ralf Lopian
Senior Advisor
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland
Chairman of the ICPM
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species
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Contents:
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Definitions and Abbreviations
Responsibilities
IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the
IPPC and its Standards
Discussion and Conclusions
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Abbreviations (1)
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CBD –
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IPPC –
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ICPM –
Convention on Biological Diversity; it has three main goals:
the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its
components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from
the use of genetic resources. Activities with direct phytosanitary
impacts are its provisions on ”Alien Species” and ”Alien Invasive
Species”.
International Plant Protection Convention; its aim is to
secure a common and effective action to prevent the spread and
introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote
appropriate measures for their control.
Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures of the IPPC
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species
Abbreviations (2)
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RPPOs –
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EPPO –
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SPS –
Regional Plant Protection Organizations; RPPOs
function as the coordinating bodies in the geographical areas covered
and shall participate in various activities to achieve the objectives of
the IPPC ().
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection
Organization; it is the Regional Plant Protection Organization
responsible for cooperation in plant protection in the European and
Mediterranean region ().
Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the
World Trade Organization (WTO); its main field of work is the
application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures in relation to trade .
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Definitions (1)
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[Plant] Pest -
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Quarantine [Plant] Pest –
Any species, strain or biotype
of plant, animal or pathogenic agent [directly or
indirectly] injurious to plants or plant products [IPPC,
1997]
A pest of
potential economic importance to the area
endangered thereby and not yet present there, or
present but not widely distributed and being officially
controlled [IPPC, 1997]
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Definitions (2)
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Alien Species -
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Invasive Alien Species (=Alien
Invasive Species) – an alien species
a species, subspecies or
lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or
present distribution; includes any part, gametes,
seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species that might
survive and subsequently reproduce [CBD, 2003]
whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological
diversity [CBD, 2003]
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Plant Pests and AISs
Criteria of a Quarantine Pest
Any organism
Injurious to plants
Having a potential
economic (environmental)
impact
Not present, or if present
not widely distributed and
being officially controlled
Not included
Criteria of an Alien Invasive Species
Any organism
Threat to biodiversity
(plants being part of
biodiversity)
Threat to biological
diversity through
introduction and/or
spread
Survival and subsequent
reproduction capability
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Responsibilities: Overlapping Mandates (1)
RPPOs
(e.g.EPPO)
Protecting plants
from plant pests
IPPC
Trade related rules
concerning plant
health and life
SPS
CBD
Protecting
biodiversity (wild
flora) from AISs
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Responsibilities: Overlapping Mandates (2)
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Areas of overlap between IPPC and Guiding
Principles are:
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providing legal and and regulatory frameworks
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building capacity and technical assistance for developing countries
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assessing and managing potential plant pest risks
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protecting areas that may be threatened by plant pests
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applying measures to prevent the unintentional introduction of
plant pests
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Responsibilities: Overlapping Mandates (3)
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Areas of overlap are (continued):
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certifying that risk managemant procedures have been applied
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assessing and managing the intentional introduction of organisms
that may be plant pests
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exchanging of scientific and regulatory information relevant to
plant pests
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cooperating between countriess to minimize the impact of plant
pests
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detecting, controlling and eradicating pests in agricultural and wild
flora
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species (1)
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1999: the second meeting of the Interim Commission on
Phytosanitary Measures (ICPM 2) created an informal open-ended
working group to consider issues regarding GMOs, biosecurity and
invasive species.
2001: based on the recommendations of the working group ICPM 3
decided that:
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species that may be invasive and that directly or indirectly affect plants or
plant products should be assessed, monitored and managed, if necessary,
according to IPPC provisions
alien invasive species that are plant pests and that are not present (if
present then limited distribution + official control) should be considered
quarantine pests and should be subjected to measures according to IPPC
provisions
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species (2)
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that the IPPC is directly relevant to article 8(h) of the CBD (Prevent
the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which
threaten ecosystems, habitats or species)
many provisions and standards of the IPPC are directly relevant to,
or overlap with the Interim Guiding Principles (Now: Guiding
Principles) of the CBD
standards should be reviewed to ensure that they adequately
address environmental risks of plant pests
a supplement to ISPM 11 (International Standard on Phytosanitary
Measures No.11: Pest Risk Analysis for quarantine pests) be
developed to address in detail the environmental risks of plant
pests
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species (3)
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the IPPC Secretariat cooperates with the CBD on Alien
Invasive Species related matters
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IPPC Secretariat to seek observers status with CBD
IPPC Secretariat to attend relevant meetings of the CBD and
to invite the CBD to attend relevant IPPC meetings
IPPC Secretariat to cooperate with other standard setting
bodies to ensure that common areas of interest are
adequately covered
Phytosanitary Aspects of Biotechnology
and Alien Invasive Species
IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species (4)
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In 2003 the ICPM adopted:
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a supplementary standard to ISPM 11 (PRA of
Quarantine Pests) on environmental risk of plant pests
a supplementary standard to ISPM 5 (Glossary of
Phytosanitary Terms) providing guidelines on the
understanding of ”potential economic importance” and
related terms including reference to environmental
considerations
Phytosanitary Aspects of Biotechnology
and Alien Invasive Species
IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species (5)
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In 2003 the IPPC Secretariat and the CBD
Secretariat signed a Memorandum of
Cooperation in order to:
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promote synergy
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avoid overlaps
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avoid unnecessary duplication
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ensure effective cooperation in joint activities
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC
and its Standards (1)
Guiding Principle
IPPC and/or Standard
provisions
No.1: Precautionary
Approach
IPPC:
No.2: Three-stage
Hierarchical
Approach
IPPC:
Art. VII (2a) (potential
contradiction)
ISPM 11: (partial application)
general aim of IPPC (full
application)
No.3: Ecosystem Approach ISPM 11: supplement on
environmental risks
ISPM 5: supplement on potential
economic importance
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC
and its Standards (2)
Guiding Principle
IPPC and/or Standard
provisions
No.4: The Role of States
IPPC:
No.5: Research and
Monitoring
IPPC:
Art. IV (2b) & Art. IV (3b)
ISPM 6: surveillance
ISPM 8: pest status
general aim of IPPC (full
application)
ISPM 3: biocontrol agents
ISPM 6: surveillance
ISPM 17: pest reporting
ISPM 19: pest listing
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC
and its Standards (3)
Guiding Principle
No.6: Education and Public
Awareness
No.7: Border Control and
Quarantine Measures
IPPC and/or Standard
provisions
IPPC:
not covered (Art. IV, 3a
provides very limited
coverage)
IPPC:
especially Art. VII
ISPM 1: principles
ISPM 7: export certification system
ISPM 12: phytosanitary certificates
ISPM 13: non-compliance &
emergency action
ISPM 14: integrated measures
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC
and its Standards (4)
Guiding Principle
IPPC and/or Standard
provisions
No.8: Exchange of
Information
IPPC:
especially Art. VIII
ISPM 1: principles
ISPM 6: surveillance
ISPM 8: pest status
ISPM 13: non-compliance &
emergency action
ISPM 17: pest reporting
ISPM 19: pest listing
No.9: Cooperation,
including
Capacity Building
IPPC:
especially Art. XX; PCE;
FAO structure a bonus
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC
and its Standards (5)
Guiding Principle
IPPC and/or Standard
provisions
No.10: Intentional
Introduction
IPPC:
especially Art. VII
ISPM 1: principles
ISPM 2: PRA
ISPM 3: biocontrol agents
ISPM 11: PRA for quarantine pests
No.11: Unintentional
Introductions
IPPC:
especially Art. VII
ISPM 1: principles
ISPM 2: PRA
ISPM 11: PRA for quarantine pests
ISPM 14: integrated measures
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC
and its Standards (6)
Guiding Principle
IPPC and/or Standard
provisions
No.12: Mitigation of
Impacts
IPPC:
No.13: Eradication
IPPC:
Art. I
ISPM 9: pest eradication
programmes
No.14: Containment
IPPC:
especially Art. I
ISPM 4: pest free areas
ISPM 9: pest eradication prog.
ISPM 10: pest free places of
production
Art. I (partially)
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC
and its Standards (6)
Guiding Principle
No.15: Control
IPPC and/or Standard
provisions
IPPC:
Art. I
ISPM 14: integrated measures
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Discussion (1)
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Do we need active involvement of plant health
authorities for Alien Invasive Species?
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Avoid duplication of activities on an international and
national level
Long experience on assessing and managing biological risks
related to introduced organisms
Well developed infrastructures on national levels for
surveying organisms
Minimizing negative trade impacts
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Discussion (2)
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Is there a need for a well structured
international regulatory framework for Alien
Invasive Species?
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Avoid duplication of activities, contradicting approaches and
confusion of competences in international agreements
Establishment of clear hierachies of competences as in
national legislation of many countries
Improve cooperation of international organizations
Minimizing negative trade impacts
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Discussion (3)
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What are countries responsibilities in
establishing an international regulatory
framework for Alien Invasive Species?
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Countries should ratify the relevant international
agreements
National coordination of strategies concerning
international agreements
Request international organizations to cooperate
in their activities
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Discussion (4)
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What are possible future activities for
Alien Invasive Species?
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Declaration of competences for international
organizations
Resolving possible contradicting provisions in
international agreements (WTO/SPS; CBD; IPPC)
Providing Technical Assistance to developing
countries
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IPPC to intensify its TA activities
CBD to contribute to IPPC TA activities (IPPC Trust Fund)
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Conclusions
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Phytosanitary authorities, know-how and structures
have a clear mandate and function in the field of
biotechnology and alien invasive species.
An international regulatory framework for alien invasive
species should be established setting clear competences
and hierachies for international organizations in this
field.
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All countries should ratify the relevant international
agreements and fully participate in their activities.
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Providing Technical Assistance to developing countries