Transcript Animal relationships

ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS
Slide 2
Groupings
Slide 3
Cooperative Behaviour
Slide 4
Altruism
Slide 5
Breeding
Slide 6
Mating Systems
Slide 7
Parental Care
Slide 8
Communication
Slide 9
Intraspecific Competition
Slide 10
Other grouping aspects
Slide 11
Predator Avoidance
Slide 12
Mimicry
Slide 13
Predation Tools
GROUPINGS
Many animals live in groups. Examples?
There must be some sort of survival advantage from doing this.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Improving young rearing
Protection from predation
Effective migration
Shared learning
Breeding success
Division of labour
Environmental manipulation
Shared Feeding
Disease
Competition
Predators attracted
COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR
Cooperative behaviour is generally innate, but can be modified.
It involves members of the same species living together for
mutual benefit. There are various types…
Clumping is simple; short term,
and completely innate - e.g.
Social behaviour involves a
closed group working together.
ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR
Altruistic behaviour is where a member of a group reduces their
chance of reproduction in favour of another member of their
group.
Many Pukekos will not
breed as they do not have
dominance in the group.
Even so they will help
gather food, rear others
young and protect the
territory.
Whoa...does this make sense
evolutionarily?
This is called kin selection.
Lab Manual pg 203/4, 223
BREEDING
Most animals synchronise their breeding with courtship rituals.
This may involve a combination of…
Bringing gifts,
physical stimulation,
synchronised movement,
Some may
do all of
these
things…
visual cues and
Voice.
Why do this?
•
ensures that the individuals are the same
species
•
suppresses aggressive behaviour
•
develops pair bond
•
ensures readiness for breeding
MATING SYSTEMS
External fertilization
(usually response to environmental cues) e.g. fish
Monogamy
e.g. most birds (and people)
Polygamy
•
Polygyny - 1 male has breeding rights with many females
e.g. Lions, Baboons
•
Polyandry - 1 female has rights over males
e.g. Bees. This is much less common... Why?
•
Polygynandry
e.g. Pukekos, Bonobos
PARENTAL CARE
This is an energy cost for the parent, and limits the number of
offspring but results in improved survival rates.
The more time you spend
looking after your offspring, the
fewer you can have.
Lab Manual pg 221-223
COMMUNICATION
Important for maintaining any social system. Could be:
•
Aural (whale song),
•
visual (peacock),
•
chemical (cats), etc...
INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION
Agonistic behaviour - threats and submission
to establish dominance (no physical harmusually).
Aggressive behaviour - harming or
killing a competitor (not predation).
Hierarchy - a complex dominance
order. A simple linear one is called a
pecking order.
OTHER GROUPING ASPECTS
Sexual dimorphism (usually males bigger) - results from
selection pressures.
Other terms you need to know:
Territory - defended area.
Home range - roaming area.
Lab Manual pg 213/14, 217/8
INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS
Check out this for some information on different interactions (from page 54
onwards). Also remember some of the stuff from 2A...
You already know about:
Predation
Parasitism
Herbivory
Mutualism
Commensalism
Competition
Antibiosis
Allelopathy
Predation avoidance:
Prey species may try to deter
predators using:
• A startle display – to look as big
as possible
• Poison (and warning colours)
MIMICRY
This is another predator
avoidance strategy.
A
caterpillar
A moth
Bee
Batesian mimicry:
one poisonous - the other is
harmless
Mullerian mimicry:
both species share the same
warning
What does a monarch taste like?
Hoverfly
PREDATION TOOLS
Predators use a variety of strategies to get prey.
Concealment
Traps
Tools
Lab Manual pg 211/2, 215/16
Check out the Pukeko video. Stunning!
Lab Manual pg 205/6