Transcript Gross removal (including discards)

UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
WHAT “CATCH” MEANS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT?
30/10-01/11/2012
Sachiko TSUJI (FAO)
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How “catch” is determined – meaning of catch
Detailed definition of catch
Indication of “catch” in a context of monitoring
“environment”
We cannot see underneath of water – limitation in
available information; invisible, less noticeable
Aquatic – terrestrial biological dynamics – no difference
in principle
UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012
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Senior Fishery Statistician of FAO
 Responsible for all Fishery and Aquaculture statistics
disseminated from FAO
 Participated in development of UN SEEA, CBD - aquatic
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Secretary of Coordinating Working Party on Fishery
Statistics (CWP)
 FAO Statutory global coordinating mechanism - 22
organizations as members
 Objectives - set up standards, concepts and classifications
for fisheries statistics, review information needs, coordination
for research and collaboration
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Personal background – population dynamics
UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012
What “catch” means ?
Dynamics on aquatic stocks, fishing activities,
catch and environmental impacts.
Dynamics of biological stock
Catch
Recruitment
Fish stocks
Growth
Natural
mortality
Dynamics of biological stock
Catch
Recruitment
Fish stocks
Growth
Natural
mortality
Catch diagram
Catch
CATCH = [Fishing Effort] * [Fish
abundance available to fishing]
Fishing
Efforts
# boats; Gear
technology;
Fishing Days
Availability
ENSO events;
Climate changes
impacts,
Fish stocks
Sustainable Yields
Stock Abundance
Sustainable Yields
Catch
Fishing Efforts
Catch diagram
Catch
CATCH = [Fishing Effort] * [Fish
abundance available to fishing]
Fishing
Efforts
# boats; Gear
technology;
Fishing Days
Availability
ENSO events;
Climate changes
impacts,
Urbanization; Water
front development;
Pollution
Fish stocks
Habitat
Destruction;
Pollution
Dynamics of biological stock
Catch
Recruitment
Fish stocks
Growth
Natural
mortality
Dynamics of biological stock
-- Impacts of habitat destruction
Catch
Catch
Recruitment
Growth
Fish
Fish
stocks
stocks
Natural
Natural
mortality
mortality
Dynamics of biological stock
-- Combination with aquaculture
Release of farmed seeds
Catch
Catch
RecruitRecruitment
ment
Fish
Fishstocks
stocks
Natural
Natural
mortality
mortality
Growth
Growth
Removal of predators;
Fertilizing; Blocking fish moves
Multi-species context
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Single population theories not applicable to multi species
context:
 Too complex for modeling
 Generally lower suitable harvest point; conflict between over-
exploited primary species .vs. under-exploited secondary species
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“Fished – down” – size change
 Big fish and commercially high valued fish removed, first
 Size of fish getting smaller – matured at small size with young age;
fish becoming thin > lower productivities
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“Fished – down” – change in species composition
 Moving to alternative less preferable species
 Lowering average trophic level
UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012
Small scale .vs. large scale
What to measure ?
Identifying measurement and indicators
suitable to monitor target events
Selection criteria of indicators:
Directly measurable, not abstractive concepts:
 Sensitive and responsive to change in targets:
 Clear reflective relation to behavior of targets;
 Cost-effective:
 Robust and less sensitive to noise:
 Consistent with public understandings and
technical indications:
 Adequate time-series:
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UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012
Concept of catch Diagram
Fish Encountering Gear
Live Escapement
GROSS REMOVAL
Pre-catch Losses
GROSS CATCH
Discards: Live / Dead
RETAINED CATCH
Losses and gains prior to landing (e.g.
handlings, processing)
Not for landings (dumps, substantial uses)
LANDINGS
Landing * Conversion factors >
NOMINAL CATCH
Currently available data and indicators
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Contribution to food security -- FAO
 Catch by species and species groups :
Retained catch < converted from Landings
 Trades, disposition by species and species groups
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Stock assessment / management purpose -- Regional
Fishery Management Organizations (RFMOs)
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Gross removal (including discards), species-specific
Stock indicator – e.g. catch taken by unit effort (CPUE)
Stock assessment results of species under management
Inventories and summary of stocks assessment results –
FAO SOFIA / FIRMS; ICES
UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012
Currently available data and indicators
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Stocks status as macro-indicators
 Average trophic level – EU Indicators
 Gross removal adjusted with effort indicator (quasi-CPUE) –
SEEA
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Bio-diversity – CBD for aquatic (FAO) in pipeline
 List of aquatic species captured as well as farmed: survey
questionnaires in preparation
 RFMOs – observer data on incidental-catch, discards, of
ecologically related species and vulnerable ecosystem
species
 List of Protected Areas
UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012
UNECE members – data reporting status
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In general, good data quality and species breakdown;
 Belarus, Finland, Kazakhstan, FYR Macedonia, Russian; Serbia,
Ukraine
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Recently, struggle in communication:
 No reporting – Armenia (2005), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007);
Georgia (2005, except marine capture in 2010); Turkmenistan
(2005); Uzbekistan (2010)
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Some component systematically not reported:
 Belgium (inland aquaculture); Moldova (no aquaculture since
2005); Montenegro (aquaculture); Tajikistan (no capture since
2005)
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Some incomplete or inconsistent among years;
 Azerbaijan; Kyrgyzstan;
UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012
Points for consideration:
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Indicators of human pressure on environments – important:
 Fishing pressure, small and large scale operations
 Non-fishery human activity pressure – no indicator available
 Impacts of human intervention – stocking, landscaping, protected area
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Clarify the monitoring target:
 Not possible to monitor biodiversity and human pressure on aquatic
environments with one indicator
 Direct measurement better than indirect indicators – e.g. for pressure on
aquatic environment, energy use in fishing
 Clarify a link with policy decision – interpretation and actual utilization
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Avoid duplication and build upon available resources:
 Enhancing overall monitoring capacity
 Rebuilding historical
assessment
UNECE TF on Environmental Indicators
30/10-01/11/2012
Thank you for your attention!!