Transcript lect11
Emergency Room Conservation
“We provide economic and emotional
support for protection of biological diversity
into those few species least likely to benefit
from it.” Scott et al. (1987)
“Wildlife is best managed before becoming
endangered.” Squires et al. (1998)
ESA Is Reactive
Early intervention is critical, but species get listed
when pops are very low
Analysis by Wilcove et al. (1993)
– Vertebrates (median number surviving:
endangered - 408, threatened 4161)
– Plants (median number surviving: endangered 99)
Listing so late may explain why so few species
recovered
Managing Species Before They Become
Too Rare
Identify and then list the species to watch
Lists, lists, and lists…Everyone has a list.
– USFS, BLM, FWS, NHP, Audubon, each
State, etc.
• “Species of concern”
• “Species at risk”
• “Sensitive species”
• “Candidate species”
The Most Important List (USFWS)
Candidate Species
– Category 1: sufficient info to support a proposed listing
– Category 2: some info indicating species in trouble but
not enough to determine if proposed listing is
appropriate
In 1996 terminology and procedures changed
– USFWS got rid of Category 2
– Only Category 1 species - now called candidate
species
– Combined animal and plant lists
Why Did The USFWS Get Rid Of C2
Species?
Many different organizations now tracking rare species -
not so in early days
– Duplication of effort and cost
• NOW NATURESERVE allows more centralized tracking of
these species
Quality of information varied considerably
– From over 4000 species to 200 species on the various lists
Public confusion, C-2 candidates not a component of ESA
Better to only list species with likelihood of listing in
future
Using old C-2 as “species of concern” was inappropriate as
it is not a complete list
How did the USFWS go about the
change?
Proposed change (federal register; Dec. 5, 1996)
– 163 comments (159 expressed concerns, 3 neutral or
supported)
Acknowledge that act is reactive not proactive
Federal Status Definitions
Endangered, Threatened (as before)
Proposed Endangered--proposed for listing
Proposed Threatened--proposed for listing
Candidate
– Taxa for which the Service currently has sufficient
information on biological vulnerability and threats on
hand to support the issuance of a proposed rule to list,
but issuance of the proposed rule is precluded
– warranted but precluded 12 month rulings
Unofficial Status
Species at Risk
– entire realm of species of concern to service,
but no official status
• former C2 species
• special funding for research each year
How Are Candidate Species Managed?
Petitioned species for which 12-month finding reported
“warranted” or “warranted but precluded” become
candidate species
In limbo of listing process without protection, but often
times research is done to find out more about the species
and determine if it should in fact be listed
Annual “notice of review” for candidate species is
published in Federal Register and on USFWS candidate
conservation page
Purpose of Candidates
No statutory protection under ESA
– but candidate conservation plans can be developed
Provide advance notice of potential listings
for planners and developers
Solicit input from interested parties to
identify candidates that do and do not need
listing
Solicit information on how prioritize the
order of species for listing
Candidate Stats
1999
– 258 candidates (154 plants, 104 animals)
– 56 proposed as T or E
• These should be considered in land use planning
– 18 candidates from 1997 that are here removed
– 93 candidates from 1997 that are now listed
– 15 proposed from 1997 that are now withdrawn
Pretty similar in subsequent years
– 279 candidates in 2006
Candidate Conservation
Agreements (with Assurances)
Although there is no formal protection for
candidates until they are listed, CCAs can
promote their conservation
– similar to safe harbor agreements except not for
listed species
– purpose is to be proactive and benefit species so
they are not listed
– must show benefit to species that if undertaken
by other property owners would cumulatively
be significant enough to remove need to list
Details of CCAs
Formal agreements between service and non-federal
land owners to address the conservation needs of
proposed or candidate species before listing
– describe pop levels and habitat characteristics of covered
species
– describe management action of owner to conserve species
– estimate conservation benefit as a result of management
– list assurance that service won’t require more from the
landowner if the species is listed
– describe monitoring to see if management works
– clause to allow service to rescue individuals that will be
taken
Rationale for CCAs
Better than managing to discourage use of
land by species likely to be listed
Management will contribute significantly to
elimination of need to list species by
proactive management
Existing important habitats are maintained
or enhanced
What Benefits Accrue to Species
Acceptable benefits include
– (1) reduce fragmentation,
– (2) restore/enhance habitat,
– (3) increase habitat connectivity,
– (4) maintain or increase number of individuals,
– (5) reduce catastrophic events,
– (6) establish buffers for protected areas,
– (7) experiment with new management ideas
Must be “long-term”, but need not be
permanent
What Does Landowner Get?
Enhancement of survival permit (Sect.
10(a)(1)(A) of ESA)
– authorizes incidental take and habitat
modification to return property to conditions
agreed on in the CCA if species are listed
No surprises
– no future regulatory obligations in excell of
those agreed to at time of CCA
Other Sensitive Species Lists
USFS has listed 2339 species as sensitive
Species identified by a Regional Forester for which
population viability is a concern - significant population
decline or habitat reduction
74% plants, 20% vertebrates, 6% invertebrates
USFS Region 1 Criteria For Animals
Need total score > 18 to be considered sensitive (15 for
plants)
Abundance (in Region 1)
– Extremely rare (9 - < 500 indiv), Rare (6 - 500-1000), Uncommon
(3 - 1000-5000), Common (0 - > 5000)
Distribution
– Endemic to region (6), Disjunct (4), Peripheral (2), Widespread (0)
Degree of threat of habitat loss
– High (9), Moderate (6), None (0)
Population Impacts by Extrinsic Events (predation,
harvest, etc)
– Significant (3), Moderate (2), None (0)
Remaining USFS Criteria
Specialized Habitat/ Ecological Amplitude
– Narrow (3), Intermediate (1), None (0)
Downward Population Trends
– Yes (6), Possible (3), No (0)
Does it Work?
Squires et al. (1998)
– Queried USFS biologists
35% of management actions modified for sensitive species
– rarely if ever deny project for sensitive species
– timing and design of project are changed
Forces multi-species management
– Mean 12 sensitive species (vertebrates) per district
– Only 1 species per district had a management plan!
Is there enough money to go around?
Challenges to Sensitive Species
Management (Squires et al. 1998, Groves 1994)
MULTI-agency, -disciplinary, -species,
-troublesome
– need to work on coordination all the time
– need to operate effectively in a bureaucracy
Funding, funding, funding
– lower priority
Examples
Partners in Flight
Wolverines, Coeur d’Alene Salamander,
Harlequin Duck, Goshawk (Groves 1994)
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define the problem
consult experts
measure success
work the bureaucracy
build support
achieve conservation
References
Squires, J. R., G. D. Hayward, and J. F. Gore. 1998. The role of
sensitive species in avian conservation. Pp. 155-176. In. J. M. Marzluff
and R. Sallabanks (eds.) Avian Conservation. Island Press.
Scott, J. M. et al. 1987. Species richness: A geographical appraoch to
protection of biological divesity. BioScience 39:782-788.
Wilcove, McMillan, M. and K.C. Winston. 1993. What exactly is an
endangered species? An analysis of the U. S. endangered species list:
1985-1991. Conservation Biology 7:87-93.
Groves, C. R. 1994. Candidate and sensitive species programs. Pp227250. In T. W. Clark, R. P. Reading, and A. L. Clarke (eds.) Endangered
species recovery: finding the lessons, improving the process. Island
Press