Transcript Unit 5 powerpoint

Unit 5, Ch 9,10,11
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Ch 9- test answers are
highlighted in yellow!!!
• Core case study- passenger pigeon
• 1.Became extinct because of commercial
over hunting and loss of habitat
• 2.“Stool Pigeon”- hunters would tie a pigeon
to a stool with it’s eyes sewn shut to lure
other pigeons to be killed easier.
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• 3. The current mass extinction is caused by
human activities.
• 4. The millennium ecosystem assessment says
that 50-83% of ecosystems have been
disturbed by human activities.
• 5. The background extinction rate before
humans came on the scene was 1.0 X 10-4% or
0.0001%
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6. Three types of extinction:
– 1. Local extinction- no longer found in an area
– 2. ecological extinction- so few members of the
species that it can no longer play it’s ecological
role
– 3. biological extinction- no longer found anywhere
on Earth
7. Current estimates of extinction rates=
.01-.1%
8. This is conservative because
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8. This is conservative because
1. rates should accelerate because of
increased human population
2. some parts of the world are
experiencing much higher extinction
rates that the rest
3. we are eliminating habitats hat could
serve as incubators for new species
(speciation crisis)
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• 9. Endangered species are species that
have so few individuals that the species
could become extinct over most or all of
it’s range
• 10. Threatened or vulnerable species are
still abundant in their natural range, but
declining numbers mean they could
become endangered
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• 11. The IUCN is the world conservation
union- publishes the redlist of species
• 12. characteristics of species that make
them vulnerable to premature extinction
– 1. Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)
– 2. specialized niche
– 3. Narrow distribution range
– 4. feed at high trophic levels
– 5. fixed migratory patterns
– 6. rare
– 7. commercially valuable
– 8. large territories
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• 13. It will take nature 5-10 million years for
nature to rebuild the biodiversity that is being
lost
• 14. instrumental value- usefulness in providing
many ecological and economic services
• 15. two forms- a. use values (i.e. genetic
information) b. non-use values
• 16. examples of non-use values existence
value, aesthetic value, bequest value
• 17. ecological value- component of key
ecosystem functions
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• 18. Intrinsic or existence value- wild species
have an intrinsic right to exist.
• 19. E.O. Wilson- says that because of millions
of years of evolution we have an inherent
genetic kinship with species
• Biophilia- love of species
• Biophobia- fear of forms of wildlife
• 20. HIPPCO- summarizes the most important
causes of premature extinction
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• 21. Habitat destruction(#1 cause)
• Invasive species
• Population growth
• Pollution
• Climate change
• Overexploitation
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• 22. habitat island- any habitat surrounded by
another one
• 23. Birds live in every climate and biome so
they are excellent biological indicators
• 24. The African land snail eats everything and
carries diseases. ( invasive species can be a
problem because they have no predators)
• 25. Kudzu- use for paper, makes medicine to
reduce binge drinking
• 26. a chemical in DDT makes egg shells fragile
(biomagnification of DDT makes it poisonous to
birds of prey)
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• 27. Honey bees pollinate 95% of commercially
grown crops.
• 28. poaching is illegal hunting
• 29. Local hunting of bush meat has lead to local
extinction of many species.
• 30. Solutions include- introducing alternative
souces of food, like fish and cane rates
• 31. Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species- treaty bans hunting,
capturing, and selling of threatened or
endangered species
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• 32. Problems with CITES- difficulty enforcing
the treaty in certain countries.
• 33. CBD- Convention on biodiversity- focuses
on preserving ecosystems and has been
slowed by lack of enforcement
• 34. Main provisions of the ESA– 1. Agencies must make a list of endangered and
threatened species
– 2. Restricts the government from harming
endangered species and their habitats
– 3. Makes it illegal to hunt, collect, kill, or injure
endangered species
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• 35. we can take the pressure off of endangered
species by
– 1. creating wildlife refuges
– 2. gene banks
– 3. wildlife farms
– 4. bontanical gardens
– 5. zoos
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• 36. Captive breeding- some or all individuals
are captured and bred
• Egg pulling gather eggs to hatch in zoos
• 37. Precautionary principle- take measures to
prevent harm to the environment and human
health even if the science has not been fully
established.
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• Ch 10 sustaining biodiversity
• 1. The grey wolf keeps down #’s of elk, bison,
and mule deer. It provides food for
scavengers.
• 2. The restoration was a success because the
grey wolf was taken off the endangered
species list.
• 3. An old growth forest has not been cut or
destroyed for 200 years
• 4. Second- growth forests result from
secondary succession and account for about
60% of the world’s forests
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• 5. Tree plantation is a manage tract with uniformly
aged trees- other names are tree farms commercial
forests
• 6. forests services- influence local and regional
climate, absorb carbon, reduce erosion, provide
habitat, purify air and water, provide lumber and
recreation
• 7. selective cutting- loggers cut only medium sized or
mature trees in a forest
• 8. clear cutting- loggers remove all trees
• 9. strip-cutting- clear cut a strip along the contour of
the land to allow regeneration in a few years.
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• 10. two types of fire
– 1. surface fires- burn only undergrowth and leaf
litter
– 2. crown fire- extremely hot, burns treetops
11. Ban imported timber, clear infected trees,
develop genetically resistant trees, biological
controls
12. Deforestation is the temporary or
permanent removal of large expanses of
forests for agriculture, settlements or other
uses.
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• 13. These are the world’s largest terrestrial
storehouse of carbon, 1/4th of the forested area
of the world, climate regulation, 2 times more
forest lost than in Brazil
• 14. many old growth forests have grown back
through secondary succession.
• 15. Forests are less diverse and have become
biologically simplified tree plantations
• 16. not valuing ecological services, crop and
timber exports, space to graze, poverty,
subsistence farmers
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• 17. nine solutions to sustainable forestry
– Protect forests with high biodiversity
– Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting
– No clear cutting on slopes
– No logging of old-growth forests
– Reduce road building into uncut forests
– Leave most standing dead trees
– Certify sustainably grown timber
– Plant tree plantations on deforested land
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• 18. four proposals for reducing fire related harm
to forests and people
– Set small contained surface fires(prescribed)
– Allow some fires to burn
– Protect property by having a zone of 60m around
them
– Clear away small fire prone trees
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• 19. 60% of wood used in the U.S. is wasted
unnecessarily.
• 20. Kenaf- rapidly growing woody annual plant
used for paper- uses few pesticides and yeilds
more pulp per hectare than trees
• 21. Haiti has become and ecological disaster
because only 2% of forests remain due to
clearing forests for fuel wood.
• 22. We can reduce the severity of the fuelwood
crisis by planting fuelwood plantations, burning
renewable sundried roots, and finding charcoal
alternatives.
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• 23. ecological services of grasslands include
soil formation, erosion control, nutrient cycling,
carbon storage
• 24. rangelands are unfenced grasslands in
tropical and temperate climates that supply
forage for grazing animals
• 25. pastures are managed grasslands or
enclosed meadows planted with domestic
grasses
• 26. Overgrazing is when too many animals
graze for too long and exceed carrying capacity
of the range
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• 27. rotational grazing- confine cattle with a
portable fence for a short time them then move
them.
• 28. Riparian zone- thin strips of lush vegetation
along streams or rivers.
• 29. Conservation easments- deed restrictions
that prevent future owners from developing land
• 30. Threats to national parks- too many visitors,
traffic
• 31. land trust groups- members pool finances
and buy protected ecosystems
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• 32. Buffer zones- protect n inner core of a
reserve by establishing buffer zones
• 33. habitat corridors- protected areas linking
isolated reserves
• 34. Costa Rica- “superpower of biodiversity”
home to 500,000 plant species
• 35. Wilderness area- large areas of
undeveloped land- not seriously disturbed by
humans
• 36. Biodiversity hotspots- areas especially rich
in plant species that are found nowhere else
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• 37. ecological restoration- process of repairing
damage caused by humans
• 38. measures to speed up repair operationsrestoration, rehabilitation, replacement, and
artificial ecosystems
• 39. reconciliation or applied ecology- focuses
on inventing, establishing and maintaining new
habitats to conserve biodiversity (share the
Earth with other species)
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• Ch 11
• 1. Lake Victoria- nile perch, loss of native fish that eat
algae, deforestation increases runoff, algal blooms
due to nutrient runoff.
• 2. Three general patterns of marine diversity- coral
reefs(greatest diversity), estuaries and deep ocean
(higher biodiversity near coast) higher near the bottom
• 3. coral reefs, mangrove swamps, rivers, estuaries
• 4. 80%
• 5. Eutrophication of marine ecosystems, algal blooms,
fish die off
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• 6. rising sea levels
• 7. the area of ocean needed to sustain the
consumption of an average person, nation or
the world
• 8. no longer profitable to fish because of
overfishing.
• 9. trawler, purse-seine, long-line fishing, drift
net----the most damaging is trawler
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• 10. four reasons to protect marine biodiversity
– 1. damage to ocean is not visible to most
– 2. people view the ocean as inexhaustible
– 3. no understanding of what to do
– 4. most of the ocean lies outside of any country
11. Baleen=blue, minke, gray, right, humpback
Toothed=sperm, killer, narwhal, dolphin
12. Cetaceans are whales and porpoises
13. Japan has a significant whaling industry
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• 14. threats to leatherback sea turtles
– 1. bottom trawlers
– 2. hunted for meat, leather, and eggs
– 3. fish nets
– 4. long-line fishing
– 5. pollution (plastic bags)
– 6. climate change
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• 15. 370km
• 16. California
• 17. Areas of the ocean partially protected from
human activities
• 18. maximum# of fish that can be harvested
annually from a fish stock without causing the
stock to drop
• 19. takes into account interactions among
species to allow more room for error
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• 20. market based systems to help control
access to fisheries
• 21. Goals of the everglades restoration plan
– 1. restore curving flow of the Kissimmee river
– 2. remove 400km of canals and levees south of
Lake Okeechobee
– 3. Buy 240km2 of farmland and flood it
– 4. create 18 large reservoirs
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• 22. threat to great lakes- Invasive speciesincluding zebra mussels, sea lamprey, quagga
mussels, asian carp
• 23. Benefits of the dam on the Columbia Riverhydroelectric power, drinking water, irrigation,
flood control
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