Transcript Biological Diversity

Chapter 17
Biological Resources
Biological Diversity
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Biological Diversity
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Number, variety and variability of Earth’s
organisms
3 Kinds of Biological Diversity:
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Genetic diversity
Species richness
Ecosystem diversity
Why We Need Organisms
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Example contributions to human life:
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Food
Clothing
Shelter
Pollination of crops
Antibiotics and medicines
Biological processes (nitrogen fixation)
Ethical/aesthetic
Biological Diversity represents an
untapped resource for future uses
Examples of Contributions:
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Cinchona Tree
Treatment for malaria from
1600’s until 1940’s
Also for arthritis, lupus,
and other diseases
Examples of Contributions
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Aspirin
Coca leaves
Ecosystem Services and Species
Richness
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All organisms are
interrelated
Ecosystem services
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Removal of a species
from a community can
__________ ecosystem
services
Scientific Importance of Genetic
Diversity
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Genetic Engineering
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Provided:
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New vaccines
More productive farm animals
Agricultural plants with desirable characteristics
Depends on genetic diversity (cannot
create genes)
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Important to protect this diversity
Medical Importance of
Organisms
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Genetic Resources
are important to
pharmaceutical
industry
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Rosy Periwinkle –
Cancer drug
Aquatic sponge –
AIDS drug
Importance of Organisms
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Agricultural Importance
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Numerous species that are nutritionally
superior to the food we eat
Industrial Importance
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Industry depends on products from organisms
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Oils and lubricants
Paper and lumber
Ethical and Aesthetic Importance
Extinction
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5 great mass extinctions mark
boundaries of geologic time periods
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NOW- 6th great mass extinction
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Background extinction
Main Causes of Species Decline
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E. O. Wilson uses the acronym HIPPO to
list them:
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Consider the words of Nobel Peace
Prize laureate (2004), Ms. Wangari
Maathai of Kenya: “Protecting the
global environment is directly related
to securing peace”
Major drivers of endangerment
From Wilcove 1996
Endangered and Threatened
Species
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Earth’s biological diversity is disappearing
at an unprecedented rate
Endangered Species
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Species that faces threats that may cause it to
become extinct within a short period
Threatened Species
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Species whose population has declined to the
point that it may be at risk of extinction
Endangered & Extinct Species
Endangered & Extinct Species
Current Threats to Species
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Species with highly
specific resource
requirements are
particularly vulnerable to
habitat alterations
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Endemic species
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A species confined to the
limited area in which it
evolved, often by
resource requirements
•Labrador duck - from North Atlantic coast;
disappeared between 1850 and 1870; disappeared
as a result of changes to coastal habitat
•Heath hen - an eastern prairie grouse; lived in
woodland clearings from New England to the
Carolinas; killed for high market value; most gone
by 1915 and last sighted on Martha’s Vineyard (an
island off the Mass. coast) in 1932
•Great Auk - big penguin-like bird of islands and
coast of North Atlantic; killed for meat then as
prized rare specimens; last pair killed in 1844
•Carolina parakeet - only member of parrot family
in U.S.; in rivers and swamps of SE U.S.; killed and
trapped because of destruction to orchards; last
died in Cincinnati Zoo in 1914 (same as pigeon)
Passenger Pigeon-extinct
MARTHA
Last of her species, died at 1 p.m.,
1 September 1914, age 29, in the
Cincinnati Zoological Garden.
EXTINCT
American Bison-
Characteristic of Endangered
Species
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Extremely small (localized) range
Requiring a large territory
Living on an island
Having a low reproductive success
Small population size
Low reproductive rates
Requiring specialized breeding areas
Having specialized feeding habitats
California Condor
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Scavenger bird
Requires large,
undisturbed territory
1983 - 22 birds
1987–1992 - no
longer found in nature
1992 - reintroduced to
nature from zoos
Currently - 200
condors in nature
Where is Declining Biological
Diversity the Greatest Problem?
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Concern throughout the US
US- Most serious in:
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Hawaii (63% of species at risk)
California (29% of species at risk)
Globally - Most serious in tropical rain
forests
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South and Central America
Central Africa
SE Asia
Earth’s Biodiversity Hotspots
Causes of Declining Biodiversity
Human Cause - Land Use Change
Destruction, fragmentation or degradation
of habitats
 Little habitat
remains for
many
endangered
Last
one shot in
species
CA 1922
Is there anything
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strange about our
state flag??
Human Cause - Invasive Species
Introduced Snake on Guam
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9 of the 11 species of
native forest-dwelling
birds have been
extirpated from
Guam. Five of these
were endemic at the
species
Human Cause- Overexploitation
Left: Illegal Trade in Products
Made From Endangered
Species
Right: Illegal Animal Trade Green Parrots from the
Amazon Rainforest
Human Cause - Pollution
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Examples: Acid rain, ozone depletion,
climate warming, excessive fertilizer,
industrial wastes
Case-In-Point
Disappearing Frogs
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Amphibians are
indicator species
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168 Amphibian species
have gone extinct in
last 2 decades
No single cause has
been identified
Deformities have also
been identified (right)
Conservation Biology
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Scientific study of how humans impact
organisms and the development of ways
to protect biodiversity
Involves:
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Protecting habitats
Restoring damaged or destroyed habitats
Zoos, aquaria, botanical gardens
Seed banks
Challenges in Conservation
Management
Fragmented Habitats
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Habitat separated
by roads or other
human
development
Habitat
corridors - allow
animals to move
from one
fragment to
another safely
Restoring Damaged Habitats
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Restoration ecology
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Benefits
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Study of the historical condition of a humandamaged ecosystem
Goal is to return it to its former state
Creates biological habitats
Regeneration of soil damaged by agriculture
or mining
Disadvantages
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Expensive
Take a long time to restore an area
Restoring Damaged Habitats
Left: (1935) Early
stages of prairie
restoration
Right: (current day)
restored prairie
Zoos, Aquaria and Botanical
Garden
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Save organisms from
extinction
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Artificial insemination
Embryo transfer
Surrogate mothers
(right)
Goal is to reintroduce
organisms back to
their natural habitat
Seed Banks
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Stored seeds are
safe from habitat
destruction, climate
warming, etc.
reintroduce extinct
plant species
Some seeds cannot
be stored
Conservation Policies and Laws
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Endangered Species Act (ESA) 1973
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Authorized protection of endangered and
threatened species
Currently 1300 species are listed in US
Left: Endangered
Species, the Florida
Panther
Conservation Policies and Laws
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Endangered Species Act (continued)
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Species are designated as endangered or
threatened based on biological grounds
Controversial Legislation
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No compensation for private property owners who
suffer financial loss
Was not reauthorized in 1992 as
scheduled
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Private property rights vs. conservation
Conservation Policies and Laws
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Habitat Conservation Plans
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1982 Amendment to ESA
Resolved conflicts between development
interests and species protection
International Conservation:
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World Conservation Strategy (1980)
Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on International Trade and
Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
(CITES) (1975)
Wildlife Management
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Application of conservation principles to
manage wild species and their habitats for
human benefit or for the welfare of other
species
Different priorities than conservation
biology
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Wildlife managers concerned with common
species
Conservation biologist concerned with
threatened or endangered species
Wildlife Management
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Migratory Animals
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Ex: Artic Snow Geese - increase in population
has damaged much of Arctic fragile coastal
ecosystem (below)
Wildlife Management
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Aquatic Organisms
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Freshwater fishes
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Must be managed to ensure they are not
overexploited
Laws regulate time of year, size of fish and
maximum allowable catch
Ocean fishes
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Ocean fisheries often viewed as common
property