Transcript Biodiversity Quiz Questions

1
What was Charles Darwin’s idea
about evolution called?
A) Competiton
B) Natural Selection
C) Survival
D) Complete Evolution
2
What are the two steps of speciation?
A) Geographic Isolation and
Reproductive Isolation
B) Adaptive radiation and geographic
isolation
C) Reproductive isolation and adaptive
radiation
D) None of the above
3
What is adaptive radiation?
A) Differences in isolated groups become
so great, they can no longer interbreed
B) When a population becomes divided by
a natural barrier
C) survival of the fittest
D) When one species splits into many
species to fill open habitats
4
What was Jay Gould’s
theory?
A) Punctuated equilibrium
B) Popularized evolution
C) Gradualism
D) Neodarwinism
5
Which of these is a
Prokaryote?
A) bacteria
B) fungi
C) protista
D) plants
6
What is taxonomy?
A) the epithet for the species
B) the genus name of the
species
C) method to name and
classify species
D) a two-part Latin name
7
Layering occurs in
which type of rock?
A) igneous
B) sedimentary
C) metamorphic
8
Evolution is:
A) rapid change
B) complete change
C) gradual change
D) extreme change
9
Which is not a cause of
evolutionary change?
A) genetic drift
B) speciation
C) mutation
D) founder effect
10
Genetic drift involves:
A) isolation  accumulate
mutations
B) Mutations  accumulate
isolation
C) founder effect
D) isolation
11
When a new species evolves
during the recovery period
following mass extinction
A) Mass extinction
B) Background extinction
C) Adaptive radiation
D) Emergent Species
12
Which island would have the
most species diversity?
A) bigger islands
B) small islands
C) islands close to mainland
D) islands farther from mainland
13
The Galapagos Islands are
located
– Near Europe
– Near Australia
– Below North America
– Below South America
A.In the Atlantic Ocean
14
What was interesting about the finches beaks?
A. They all got fatter due to the tropical
climate
B. They got narrower since the seeds were
harder here
C. They were the same as on the mainland
D. They all adapted individually to different
situations.
E. They fell off within 5 months of adult life.
15
The current species on the island
A. Separated into different species over time as
their beaks and characteristics adapted
B. Killed each other, leaving only the species
seen now- a result of survival of the fittest and
competition.
C. All were replaced by new finches/birds the
settlers brought over
D. Were partially replaced by finches/birds the
settlers brought over
16
According to Darwin, what
made up natural selection?
A. Competition
B. Variance
C. Competition and Variance
D. Competition and Instinct
17
Being “fit” means ?
A. Being the strongest in the species
B. Being the strongest in the population
C. Being the fastest and strongest in the
species
D. Being the fastest and strongest in the
population
E. Surviving to reproduce
18
Fossils are formed when:
A. Sedimentary rock compress against each
other with the bones of dead organisms in
them
B. Dead animals bones are weathered by
natural wind processes
C. The sun burns away flesh and imprints
dead animal bones into rock and sand\
19
Limbs that share similar bone
structure but have different function
are called
A. Homogenous
B. Synonymous
C. Homology
D. Forelimbs
E. Homologous
20
What is not a type of competition?
A) Resource competition
B) Preemptive competition
C) Mating competition
D) Interference competition
21
Why do insecticides not work completely?
A.Companies purposely make the products
weaker so customers have to buy more
B.Government regulates their power to protect
the environment under the FIFRA
C.They target only adults in the insect
population so those hatched do not get killed
D.The stronger survive and reproduce
genetically resistant offspring
E.Insecticide has a very short half-life, so it
wears off before the job is done a lot of times.
22
How do we get
Biodiversity?
23
Evolution,
Biodiversity, and
Community
Processes
APES
24
Biodiversity
25
26
Biodiversity
• Biodiversity
– increases with speciation
– decreases with extinction
• Give-and-take between speciation
and extinction  changes in
biodiversity
• Extinction creates evolutionary
opportunities for adaptive radiation
of surviving species
27
Interpretations of Speciation
Two theories:
1.Gradualist Model (NeoDarwinian):
Slow changes in species
overtime
2.Punctuated Equilibrium:
Evolution occurs in spurts of
relatively rapid change
29
Adaptive
Radiation
Emergence of
numerous species
from a common
ancestor introduced
to new and diverse
environments
Example:
Hawaiian
Honeycreepers
Convergent Evolution
Species from different evolutionary
branches may come to resemble one
another if they live in very similar
environments
Example:
1. Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia).
2. Sidewinder (Mojave Desert) and
Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)
32
Coevolution
• Evolutionary change
– One species acts as a selective force on a
second species
– Inducing adaptations
– that act as selective force on the first
species
Example:
1. Wolf and Moose
2. Acacia ants and Acacia trees
2. Yucca Plants and Yucca moths
3. Lichen
34
Extinction
• Extinction of a species occurs when it
ceases to exist; may follow environmental
change - if the species does not evolve
• Evolution and extinction are affected by:
– large scale movements of continents
– gradual climate changes due to continental
drift or orbit changes
– rapid climate changes due to catastrophic
events
35
36
Extinction
• Background extinction - species disappear
at a low rate as local conditions change
• Mass extinction - catastrophic, widespread events --> abrupt increase in
extinction rate
• Five mass extinctions in past 500 million
years
• Adaptive radiation - new species evolve
during recovery period following mass
extinction
37
http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/9h.html
Mass Extinctions
Date of the
Extinction
Event
Percent
Species
Lost
65 mya
(million
years ago)
85
213 mya
44
Dinosaurs, plants (except ferns and
seed bearing plants), marine
vertebrates and invertebrates. Most
mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles,
lizards, snakes, and amphibians were
unaffected.
Marine vertebrates and invertebrates
248 mya
380 mya
450 mya
75-95
70
50
Marine vertebrates and invertebrates
Marine invertebrates
38
Marine invertebrates
Species Affected
Equilibrium Theory of Biodiversity
1. Diversity is a balance of factors that increase
diversity and factors that decrease diversity
2. Production of new species (speciation), and
influx can increase diversity
3. Competitive exclusion, efficient predators,
catastrophic events (extinction) can decrease
diversity
4. Physical conditions
a. variety of resources
b. Predators
39
c. environmental variability
Species Diversity
Def: the variety of species in an area
Two subcomponents: species richness
40
species evenness
Species Richness vs. Evenness
Species Richness: measurement of the
number of species in a given area
Species Evenness (: measurement of how
evenly distributed organisms are among
Species (also called Species Abundance)
Community A
species
species
species
species
species
1
2
3
4
5
25
0
25
25
25
Community B
1
1
1
1
96
41
Determining Species Diversity
Scientists may want to:
* get an estimate of # of species in an area
* compare species diversity of two
communities
To be accurate, need to:
* take both species evenness and species
richness into account
42
Species Diversity Indices
Shannon-Weiner (Shannon-Weaver) Index
Diversity = H1=- ∑p1 {lnp1}
(p sp 1 ln(p sp 1)) + (p
sp 2
ln(p sp. 2) + …
(p sp N ln(p sp. N)
Measures: Species Richness and Species
Abundance.
Likelihood that the next indiv will be
same species as previous species.
43
What does this graph tell you
about species richness?
44
Shannon Weiner Values
• Values-higher # higher
biodiversity.
• Value near 0 = every species is the
same.
• Value near close to the number of
species = evenly distributed
between the # of species.
45
Simpson Index of Diversity
SID=1-D or 1-Diversity
• D=n1(n1-1) + n2(n2-1)….nx(nx-1)
•
N(N-1)
• Measures species richness
• And eveness in habitat.
46
Simpson’s Diversity Index
• Measure that accounts for both
richness & % of each species.
• The index first developed by
Simpson in 1949.
• Useful tool in terrestrial and
aquatic ecologists for many yrs.
47
Simpson’s Values
• The higher the SID, the more
diverse your sample is.
48
Why should we care about
measuring biodiversity
(species diversity)?
49
Biodiversity Factoids
~ 2,000,000 spp. have been described
~ 10-30,000,000 species actually exist (est.)
~ 8,000,000 – 22,000,000 spp. unidentified
~ 40 – 60% of all spp. occur in two areas:
* tropical rainforests
* coral reefs
50
Comparison of Two
Communities
• Richness
(number of
species)
• Relative
abundance
• How do we
describe these
differences?
51
Biogeographical Changes
• Richness
declines from
equator to pole
• Due to:
–Evolutionary
history
–Climate
52
Fig 53.23 Bird species numbers
Geographic (Sample) Size
• Species-area
curve
• The larger the
geographic
area, the
greater
the number
of species
Fig. 23.25 North American Birds
53
Species Richness on Islands
• Depends on:
–Rate of immigration to island
–Rate of extinction on island
• These in turn depend on:
–Island size
–Distance from mainland
54
How do species move?
•
•
•
•
•
Humans (accidental and intended)
Animals (sticky seeds and scat)
Wind and ocean currents (+ or -)
Land bridges
Stepping stone islands
– affected by climactic changes (glaciation)
– ocean levels
– short-term weather patterns
55
What allowed colonization?
• Niche opening
• No competition
• Endemics not utilizing
resources
• Accessibility to
colonists
56
Theory of Island Biogeography
1. Immigration rate decreases as island
diversity increases
2. Extinction increases as island
diversity increases
3. Species equilibrium on islands is a
balance of immigration and local
extinction
57
58
Theory of Island Biogeography
1.Smaller islands have lower total
populations
2.Probability of extinction
increases with lower population
3.Smaller islands have lower
species diversity
59
60
Theory of Island Biogeography
1.Islands further from
mainland have lower
immigration rates
2.More distant islands have
lower species diversity
61
62
Wilderness Act of 1964
• Wilderness Act of 1964:
directed the Secretary
of the Interior, within
10 years, to review
every roadless area of
5,000 or more acres and
every roadless island
(regardless of size)
within National Wildlife
Refuge and National
Park Systems and to
recommend to the
President the suitability
of each such area or
63
Roosevelt
• T. Roosevelt also
tripled the size of
the forest reserves
and transferred
administration
from Department
of the Interior
(USDOI) to
Department of
Agriculture
(USDA.
64
Roosevelt
• 1905, Congress created the US Forest
Service to manage and protect forest
reserves. Roosevelt appointed
Gifford Pinchot as its first chief.
• 1907, Roosevelt reserved 16 million
acres of land. Congress was trying to
ban Executive orders for forest
reservation. Roosevelt did this
defiantly the day before Congress’
ban became law!
65
Pinchot
• (1905) Pinchot
pioneered scientific
management of
forest resources on
public lands, using
the principles of
sustainable yield
and multiple use.
66
US National Park Service
• 1912, Congress created
the US National Park
Service.
• 1916, Congress passed
the National park
System Organic Act –
declared that the parks
were to be maintained
in a manner that leaves
them unimpaired for
future generations and
established the National
67
Community
Relationships
68
Niche is
the species’ occupation
and its
Habitat
location of species
(its address)
69
Niche
A species’ functional role in its
ecosystem; includes anything affecting
species survival and reproduction
1. Range of tolerance for various physical and
chemical conditions
2. Types of resources used
3. Interactions with living and nonliving
components of ecosystems
4. Role played in flow of energy and matter cycling
70
Niche
Fundamental niche: set of
conditions under which a
species might exist in the
absence of interactions with
other species
Realized niche: more restricted
set of conditions under which
the species actually exists due to
interactions with other species
71
Types of Species
• Generalist
–large niches
–tolerate wide range of environmental variations
–do better during changing environmental
conditions
• Specialist
–narrow niches
– more likely to become endangered
– do better under consistent environmental
conditions
72
r and k strategists
• Depending upon the characteristics of the organism, organisms
will follow a biotic potential or carrying capacity type
reproductive strategy
The r-strategists
1. High biotic potential – reproduce very fast
2. Are adapted to live in a variable climate
3. Produce many small, quickly maturing offspring = early
reproductive maturity
4. “Opportunistic” organisms
The K-strategists
1. Adaptations allow them to maintain population values around the
carrying capacity
2. They live long lives
3. Reproduce late
4. Produce few, large, offspring
73
Types of Species
• Native species normally live and thrive in
a particular ecosystem
• Nonnative species are introduced - can be
called exotic or alien
• Indicator species serve as early warnings
of danger to ecosystem- birds &
amphibians
• Keystone species are considered of most
importance in maintaining their
ecosystem
74
Nonnative Species
• Nonnative plant species are invading the
nation's parks at an alarming rate,
displacing native vegetation and
threatening the wildlife that depend on
them
• At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes
National Lakeshore in Michigan, as much
as 23 percent of the ground is covered
with alien species, and the rate of
expansion is increasing dramatically.
75
Indicator Species
• a species whose status provides
information on the overall condition
of the ecosystem and of other species
in that ecosystem
• reflect the quality and changes in
environmental conditions as well as
aspects of community composition
76
Keystone Species
• A keystone is the stone at the top of an arch that supports the
other stones and keeps the whole arch from falling
– a species on which the persistence of a large number of other species in
the ecosystem depends.
• If a keystone species is removed from a system
– the species it supported will also disappear
– other dependent species will also disappear
• Examples
– top carnivores that keep prey in check
– large herbivores that shape the habitat in which other species live
– important plants that support particular insect species that are prey for
birds
– bats that disperse the seeds of plants
77
Species
Interaction
78
Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
1. Resource competition
79
Competition
80
Resource Competition
81
Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
1. Resource competition
2. Preemptive competition
82
83
Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
1. Resource competition
2. Preemptive competition
3. Competitive exclusion
84
Competitive Exclusion
85
Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
1. Resource competition
2. Preemptive competition
3. Competition exploitation
4. Interference competition
86
Competition
87
PREDATION
88
Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
89
90
91
92
Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
• Prey capture
–passive vs. active
–individuals vs. cooperative
93
94
95
96
97
98
Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
• Prey capture
–passive vs. active
–individuals vs. cooperative
• Eating prey
–teeth, claws etc.
99
100
101
102
103
Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
104
105
106
107
108
Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
• Avoid capture
– flee
– resist
– escape
109
110
111
112
Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
• Avoid capture
– flee
– resist
– escape
• Disrupt handling (prevent being eaten)
– struggle?
– protection, toxins
113
114
Herbivory
Herbivore needs to find most
nutritious
–circumvent plant defenses
115
116
Herbivory
Herbivore needs to find most
nutritious
–circumvent plant defenses
Herbivory strong selective pressure
on plants
–structural adaptations for defense
–chemical adaptations for defense
117
118
119
Herbivory
120
Herbivory
121
Herbivory
122
Symbiosis:
Mutualists,
Commensalists
and Parasites
123
• Symbiosis and symbiotic
relationship are two commonly
misused terms
• Translation of symbiosis from the
Greek literally means “living
together”
• Both positive and negative
interactions
124
Mutualism
DEFINITION:
An interaction between two
individuals of different species
that benefits both partners in this
interaction
125
Mutualism
• Increase birth rates
• Decrease death rates
• Increase equilibrium population
densities,
Raise the carrying capacity
126
Pollination
• Animals visit flowers to collect nectar
and incidentally carry pollen from one
flower to another
• Animals get food and the plant get a
pollination service
127
Yucca and Yucca Moth
• Yucca’s only
pollinator is the
yucca moth. Hence
entirely dependent
on it for dispersal.
• Yucca moth
caterpillar’s only
food is yucca seeds.
• Yucca moth lives in
yucca and receives
shelter from plant.
128
Lichen (Fungi-Algae)
• Symbiotic relationship of algae and
fungae…results in very different
growth formas with and without
symbiont.
• What are the benefits to the fungus?
129
Nitrogen Fixation
Darkest areas are nuclei, the midtone areas are millions of bacteria
Gram -, ciliate
130
Commensalists
• Benefit from the
host at almost no
cost to the host
• Eyelash mite and
humans
• Us and starlings or
house sparrows
• Sharks and remora
131
Parasites and Parasitoids
• Parasites: draw resources from
host without killing the host (at
least in the short term).
• Parasitoids: draw resources from
the host and kill them swiftly
(though not necessarily
consuming them).
132
Parasitic wasps
• Important
parasites of
larvae.
• In terms of
biological
control, how
would this differ
from predation?
ovipositor
133
Ecological
Processes
134
Ecological Succession
Primary and Secondary Succession
gradual & fairly predictable change in species
composition with time
•some species colonize & become more
abundant;
•other species decline or even disappear.
135
Ecological Succession
Gradual changing environment in
favor of new / different species /
communities
136
137
Primary
Succession
Glacier
Retreat
138
139
140
Disturbance
Event that disrupts an ecosystem or community;
• Natural disturbance
•tree falls, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts,
& floods
• Human–caused disturbance
•deforestation, erosion, overgrazing, plowing,
pollution,mining
• Disturbance can initiate primary and/or secondary
succession
141
Ecological Stability
Carrying Capacity – maximum number of
individuals the environment can support
142
Ecological Stability - Stress
1. Drop in Primary Productivity
2. Increased Nutrient Losses
3. Decline or extinction of indicator
species
4. Increased populations of insect
pests or disease organisms
5. Decline in Species diversity
6. Presence of Contaminants
143
Which law directed the Secretary of the
Interior to review every roadless area of
5,000 or more acres and every roadless
island within National Wildlife Refuge and
National Park Systems?
A. Endangered Species Act
B. Wilderness Act
C. Lacey Act
D. National Park Act
E. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
144
What are keystone species?
A. existing in such small numbers that it is in
danger of becoming extinct
B. introduced to an environment where it is not
native, and that has since become a nuisance
C. likely to become an endangered species within
the foreseeable future throughout all or a
significant portion of its range
D. serve as early warnings of damage to a
community
E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a
disproportionate effect on other organisms within
the system
145
Who did Roosevelt appoint to head
the newly created US Forest
Service to protect and manage the
world’s forests?
A. E.O. Wilson
B. Aldo Leopold
C. Robert MacArthur
D. Stephen Mather
E. Gifford Pinchot
146
Mutualism benefits:
A) one of the organisms & hurts
the other
B) neither of the organisms
C) both of the organisms
D) benefits one & doesn’t hurt the
other
E) only one of the organisms
147
Commensalism:
A) benefits only one of the organisms
B) benefits both organisms
C) benefits one, doesn’t harm the other
D) benefits neither of the organisms
148
Biodiversity:
A) decreases with speciation and
extinction
B) decreases with speciation and
increases with extinction
C) increases with speciation and
extinction
D) increases with speciation and
decreases with extinction
149
What is not a pre-zygotic barriers?
A) behavioral isolation
B) habitat isolation
C) mechanical isolation
D) hybrid isolation
150
Which of the following does
species richness not depend on?
A) rate of immigration
B) island size
C) distance from mainland
D) types of species
151
Which is a species on which the
persistence of a large number of other
species in the ecosystem depends?
A) r-strategists
B) k-strategists
C) nonnative
D) keystone
152
What is not characteristic of a
k-strategists?
A) long life
B) bigger bodies
C) produce a lot of offspring
D) produce late in life
153
What is not a predator
adaptation?
A) prey detection
B) prey capture
C) eating prey
D) avoid detection
E) mass numbers
154
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155
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