Transcript Species Interactions and Succession

1
What was Charles Darwin’s idea
about evolution called?
A) Competiton
B) Natural Selection
C) Survival
D) Complete Evolution
2
What are the two mandatory steps of
speciation?
A) Geographic Isolation and
Reproductive Isolation
B) Adaptive radiation and geographic
isolation
C) Reproductive isolation and adaptive
radiation
D) None of the above
3
What is adaptive radiation?
A) Differences in isolated groups become
so great, they can no longer interbreed
B) When a population becomes divided by
a natural barrier
C) survival of the fittest
D) When one species splits into many
species to fill open habitats
4
Which of these is a
Prokaryote?
A) bacteria
B) fungi
C) protista
D) plants
6
What is taxonomy?
A) the epithet for the species
B) the genus name of the
species
C) method to name and
classify species
D) a two-part Latin name
7
Evolution is defined as:
A) rapid change
B)Change through time
C) gradual change
D) extreme change
9
Which is not a cause of
microevolutionary change?
A) genetic drift
B) speciation
C) mutation
D) founder effect
10
When a new species evolves
during the recovery period
following mass extinction
A) Mass extinction
B) Background extinction
C) Adaptive radiation
D) Emergent Species
12
According to Darwin, what
made up natural selection?
A. Competition
B. Variation
C. Competition and Variation
D. Competition and Instinct
16
Being “fit” means ?
A. Being the strongest in the species
B. Being the strongest in the population
C. Being the fastest and strongest in the
species
D. Being the fastest and strongest in the
population
E. Surviving to reproduce
17
Fossils are formed when:
A. Sedimentary rock compress against each
other with the bones of dead organisms in
them
B. Dead animals bones are weathered by
natural wind processes
C. The sun burns away flesh and imprints
dead animal bones into rock and sand\
18
Why do insecticides not work completely?
A.Companies purposely make the products
weaker so customers have to buy more
B.Government regulates their power to protect
the environment under the FIFRA
C.They target only adults in the insect
population so those hatched do not get killed
D.The stronger survive and reproduce
genetically resistant offspring
E.Insecticide has a very short half-life, so it
wears off before the job is done a lot of times.
21
A cockroach would be an example
of a
• A.
• B.
• C.
• D.
Fundamental niche species
Specialist species
Generalist species
Realized niche species
22
What is not true about genetic
engineering?
• A. It is a form of Natural
Selection
• B. It may use engineered plasmids
to choose a specific trait.
• C. The genes can be cloned.
• D. It may reduce natural
biodiversity in the future.
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How do we get
Biodiversity?
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Evolution,
Biodiversity, and
Community
Processes
La Cañada High School
Dr. E
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Biodiversity
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Biodiversity
• Biodiversity
– increases with speciation
– decreases with extinction
• Give-and-take between speciation
and extinction  changes in
biodiversity
• Extinction creates evolutionary
opportunities for adaptive radiation
of surviving species
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Interpretations of Speciation
Two theories:
1.Gradualist Model (NeoDarwinian):
Slow changes in species
overtime
2.Punctuated Equilibrium:
Evolution occurs in spurts of
relatively rapid change
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Adaptive
Radiation
Emergence of
numerous species
from a common
ancestor introduced
to new and diverse
environments
Example:
Hawaiian
Honeycreepers
Coevolution
• Evolutionary change
– One species acts as a selective force on a
second species
– Inducing adaptations
– that act as selective force on the first
species
Example:
1. Wolf and Moose
2. Acacia ants and Acacia trees
2. Yucca Plants and Yucca moths
3. Lichen
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Extinction
• Extinction of a species occurs when it
ceases to exist; may follow environmental
change - if the species does not evolve
• Evolution and extinction are affected by:
– large scale movements of continents
– gradual climate changes due to continental
drift or orbit changes
– rapid climate changes due to catastrophic
events
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Extinction
• Background extinction - species disappear
at a low rate as local conditions change
• Mass extinction - catastrophic, widespread events --> abrupt increase in
extinction rate
• Five mass extinctions in past 500 million
years
• Adaptive radiation - new species evolve
during recovery period following mass
extinction
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http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/9h.html
Mass Extinctions
Date of the
Extinction
Event
Percent
Species
Lost
65 mya
(million
years ago)
85
213 mya
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Dinosaurs, plants (except ferns and
seed bearing plants), marine
vertebrates and invertebrates. Most
mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles,
lizards, snakes, and amphibians were
unaffected.
Marine vertebrates and invertebrates
248 mya
380 mya
450 mya
75-95
70
50
Marine vertebrates and invertebrates
Marine invertebrates
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Marine invertebrates
Species Affected
Species Diversity
Def: the variety of species in an area
Two subcomponents: species richness
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species evenness
Species Richness vs. Evenness
Species Richness: measurement of the
number of species in a given area
Species Evenness: measurement of how
evenly distributed organisms are among
species
Community A
species
species
species
species
species
1
2
3
4
5
25
0
25
25
25
Community B
1
1
1
1
96
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Determining Species Diversity
Scientists may want to:
* get an estimate of # of species in an area
* compare species diversity of two
communities
To be accurate, need to:
* take both species evenness and species
richness into account
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Species Diversity Indices
Shannon-Weiner (Shannon-Weaver) Index
Diversity =
(p spp 1 - ln(p spp 1)) + (p spp 2 - ln(p spp. 2) + …
(p spp N - ln(p spp. N)
Simpson Index
Diversity =
1
(pspp1)2 + (pspp2)2 + … (psppN)2 44
Why should we care about
measuring biodiversity
(species diversity)?
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Biodiversity Factoids
~ 2,000,000 spp. have been described
~ 10-30,000,000 species actually exist (est.)
~ 8,000,000 – 22,000,000 spp. unidentified
~ 40 – 60% of all spp. occur in two areas:
* tropical rainforests
* coral reefs
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Comparison of Two
Communities
• Richness
(number of
species)
• Relative
abundance
• How do we
describe these
differences?
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Biogeographical Changes
• Richness
declines from
equator to pole
• Due to:
–Evolutionary
history
–Climate
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Fig 53.23 Bird species numbers
Geographic (Sample) Size
• Species-area
curve
• The larger the
geographic
area, the
greater
the number
of species
Fig. 23.25 North American Birds
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Community
Relationships
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Niche is
the species’ occupation
and its
Habitat
location of species
(its address)
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Niche
A species’ functional role in its
ecosystem; includes anything affecting
species survival and reproduction
1. Range of tolerance for various physical and
chemical conditions
2. Types of resources used
3. Interactions with living and nonliving
components of ecosystems
4. Role played in flow of energy and matter cycling
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Niche
Fundamental niche: set of
conditions under which a
species might exist in the
absence of interactions with
other species
Realized niche: more restricted
set of conditions under which
the species actually exists due to
interactions with other species
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Types of Species
• Generalist
–large niches
–tolerate wide range of environmental variations
–do better during changing environmental
conditions
• Specialist
–narrow niches
– more likely to become endangered
– do better under consistent environmental
conditions
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Types of Species
• Native species normally live and thrive in
a particular ecosystem
• Nonnative species are introduced - can be
called exotic or alien
• Indicator species serve as early warnings
of danger to ecosystem- birds &
amphibians
• Keystone species are considered of most
importance in maintaining their
ecosystem
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Nonnative Species
• Nonnative plant species are invading the
nation's parks at an alarming rate,
displacing native vegetation and
threatening the wildlife that depend on
them
• At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes
National Lakeshore in Michigan, as much
as 23 percent of the ground is covered
with alien species, and the rate of
expansion is increasing dramatically.
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Indicator Species
• a species whose status provides
information on the overall condition
of the ecosystem and of other species
in that ecosystem
• reflect the quality and changes in
environmental conditions as well as
aspects of community composition
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Keystone Species
• A keystone is the stone at the top of an arch that supports the
other stones and keeps the whole arch from falling
– a species on which the persistence of a large number of other species in
the ecosystem depends.
• If a keystone species is removed from a system
– the species it supported will also disappear
– other dependent species will also disappear
• Examples
– top carnivores that keep prey in check
– large herbivores that shape the habitat in which other species live
– important plants that support particular insect species that are prey for
birds
– bats that disperse the seeds of plants
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Species
Interaction
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Competition
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Resource Competition
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Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
Resource competition or
interspecific competition
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Competitive Exclusion
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Competition
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PREDATION
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Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
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Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
• Prey capture
–passive vs. active
–individuals vs. cooperative
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Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
• Prey capture
–passive vs. active
–individuals vs. cooperative
• Eating prey
–teeth, claws etc.
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Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
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Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
• Avoid capture
– flee
– resist
– escape
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Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
• Avoid capture
– flee
– resist
– escape
• Disrupt handling (prevent being eaten)
– struggle?
– protection, toxins
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Herbivory
Herbivore needs to find most
nutritious
–circumvent plant defenses
Herbivory strong selective pressure
on plants
–structural adaptations for defense
–chemical adaptations for defense
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Herbivory
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Herbivory
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Herbivory
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Symbiosis:
Mutualists,
Commensalists
and Parasites
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS:
PARASITISM, MUTUALISM, AND
COMMENSALIM
• Parasitism occurs when one species feeds on
part of another organism.
• In mutualism, two species interact in a way
that benefits both.
• Commensalism is an interaction that benefits
one species but has little, if any, effect on the
other species.
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• Symbiosis and symbiotic
relationship are two commonly
misused terms
• Translation of symbiosis from the
Greek literally means “living
together”
• Both positive and negative
interactions
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Mutualism
DEFINITION:
An interaction between two
individuals of different species
that benefits both partners in this
interaction
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Mutualism
• Increase birth rates
• Decrease death rates
• Increase equilibrium population
densities,
Raise the carrying capacity
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Pollination
• Animals visit flowers to collect nectar
and incidentally carry pollen from one
flower to another
• Animals get food and the plant get a
pollination service
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Yucca and Yucca Moth
• Yucca’s only
pollinator is the
yucca moth. Hence
entirely dependent
on it for dispersal.
• Yucca moth
caterpillar’s only
food is yucca seeds.
• Yucca moth lives in
yucca and receives
shelter from plant.
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Lichen (Fungi-Algae)
• Symbiotic relationship of algae and
fungae…results in very different
growth formas with and without
symbiont.
• What are the benefits to the fungus?
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Nitrogen Fixation
Darkest areas are nuclei, the midtone areas are millions of bacteria
Gram -, ciliate
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Commensalists
• Benefit from the
host at almost no
cost to the host
• Eyelash mite and
humans
• Us and starlings or
house sparrows
• Sharks and remora
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Parasitic wasps
• Important
parasites of
larvae.
• In terms of
biological
control, how
would this differ
from predation?
ovipositor
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Ecological
Processes
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Ecological Succession
Primary and Secondary Succession
gradual & fairly predictable change in species
composition with time
•some species colonize & become more
abundant;
•other species decline or even disappear.
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Ecological Succession
Gradual changing environment in
favor of new / different species /
communities
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Primary
Succession
Glacier
Retreat
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Disturbance
Event that disrupts an ecosystem or community;
• Natural disturbance
•tree falls, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts,
& floods
• Human–caused disturbance
•deforestation, erosion, overgrazing, plowing,
pollution,mining
• Disturbance can initiate primary and/or secondary
succession
134
Which law directed the Secretary of the
Interior to review every roadless area of
5,000 or more acres and every roadless
island within National Wildlife Refuge and
National Park Systems?
A. Endangered Species Act
B. Wilderness Act
C. Lacey Act
D. National Park Act
E. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
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What are keystone species?
A. existing in such small numbers that it is in
danger of becoming extinct
B. introduced to an environment where it is not
native, and that has since become a nuisance
C. likely to become an endangered species within
the foreseeable future throughout all or a
significant portion of its range
D. serve as early warnings of damage to a
community
E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a
disproportionate effect on other organisms within
the system
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Who did Roosevelt appoint to head
the newly created US Forest
Service to protect and manage the
world’s forests?
A. E.O. Wilson
B. Aldo Leopold
C. Robert MacArthur
D. Stephen Mather
E. Gifford Pinchot
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Mutualism benefits:
A) one of the organisms & hurts the
other
B) neither of the organisms
C) both of the organisms
D) benefits one & doesn’t hurt the
other
E) only one of the organisms
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Commensalism:
A) benefits only one of the organisms
B) benefits both organisms
C) benefits one, doesn’t harm the other
D) benefits neither of the organisms
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Biodiversity:
A) decreases with speciation and
extinction
B) decreases with speciation and
increases with extinction
C) increases with speciation and
extinction
D) increases with speciation and
decreases with extinction
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What is not a pre-zygotic barriers?
A) behavioral isolation
B) habitat isolation
C) mechanical isolation
D) hybrid isolation
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Which of the following does
species richness not depend on?
A) rate of immigration
B) island size
C) distance from mainland
D) types of species
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Which is a species on which the
persistence of a large number of other
species in the ecosystem depends?
A) r-strategists
B) k-strategists
C) nonnative
D) keystone
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What is not characteristic of a
k-strategists?
A) long life
B) bigger bodies
C) produce a lot of offspring
D) produce late in life
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What is not a predator
adaptation?
A) prey detection
B) prey capture
C) eating prey
D) avoid detection
E) mass numbers
147
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