Transcript 19th – 20th April 2012 1st Scientific Conference VIVUS

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1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENTALISM AND HORTICULTURE
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
AGROBIODIVERSITY FOR
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
dr. Marija Gregori
BC Naklo
[email protected]
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
-
Energy crisis
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Climate change
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Food insecurity
-
Loss of biodiversity
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
“MODERN” AGRICULTURE – “GREEN REVOLUTION”
• Since the 1900s, some 75 % of plant genetic diversity has been lost as
farmers worldwide have left their multiple local for genetically uniform,
high-yielding varieties.
• 30 % of livestock breeds are at risk of extinction; six breeds are lost
each month.
• Today, 75 % of the world’s food is generated from only 12 plants and 5
animal species.
• Of the 4 % of the 250 000 to 300 000 known edible plant species, only
150 to 200 are used. Only four – rice, maize, wheat and soybean –
contribute nearly 65 % of calories and proteins obtained by humans
from plants.
Sources: FAO
ADDRESSING CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSSES LINKED TO
AGRICULTURE
Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security: the valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture L A
THRUPP
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
AGROBIODIVERSITY
- or genetic resources for food and agriculture
Figure source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5609e/y5609e01.htm
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
Conceptual diagram showing the relationships between Functional AgroBiodiversity and ecosystem
services with benefits to agriculture and society as a whole (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
AGROBIODIVERSITY?
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
Source: Altieri, M.A., and C.I.
Nicholls, 1999. Biodiversity,
ecosystem function, and insect
pest management in agricultural
systems.
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
CHALLENGES TO AGROBIODIVERSITY
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Human population growth (food security)
Pollution and diseases
Habitat loss and degradation
Introduction of invasive alien species
Over-exploitation of natural resources
Global climate change
Energy crisis
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS
• Biodiversity is being eroded through:
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–
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Soil mismanagement (erosion, pollution)
Salinization of irrigated areas
Dry-land degradation from overgrazing
Over-extraction of ground water
increasing susceptibility to diseases and pests
Erosion
Salinization
Drought
Deep water-table
Overgrazing
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
EROSION OF GENETIC RESOURCES
• Results when:
– modern varieties (hybrids) displace traditional ones
– minor and underutilized crops are neglected (alternative
crops)
The ignorance of cultivation of underutilized (i.e. millets and
sorghum, flax, buckwheat, spelt, einkorn, kamut… ) also
classified as 'minor crops, alternative crops‘ is also a cause
for the considerable erosion of biodiversity.
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
http://www.gnis-pedagogie.org/pages/classbio/chap1/2.htm
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
IN SITU CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
• Biodiversity conservation in the natural habitat of a species in the
form of:
– Living collections
– Germplasm banks (in the form of seeds, embryos, in vitro
tissues, cells, tissue culture seedlings)
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
EX SITU CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
• It seems difficult to conserve some species in their natural
environment therefore it becomes necessary to protect them in
the form of ex situ conservation by establishing:
– Botanical gardens and
– Germplasm nurseries
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
TO BE DONE…
• Polyculture promotion along with monoculture
• Promotion of awareness about the biodiversity importance
• Changes in the attitude of scientists, students, teachers and
general public towards biodiversity
• Government
also in
need
to be redesigned
practically
»Ekološkapolicies
pridelava
hranjenje
semenafornekaterih
effective biodiversity conservation
pomembnejših kmetijskih rastlin«
• Subsidies to farmers for the alternative crops and old crop
cultivars cultivation
• Promotion of research relating to evaluation of national
germplasm of cultivated crops to maintain their viability
• Establishment of cultivated crops gene banks at regional level…
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
CHALLENGES FOR THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
• Balancing agricultural water supply and demand
- Growing world population
- Future water for food demand (coping with pressures on natural
resources)
• Soil Resource base
-
Soil degradation (degradation of soil biodiversity)
Conversion to other land uses (non agricultural uses)
Science-based sustainability (organic farming can be done anywhere)
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
CHALLENGES FOR THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
• Competition in agriculture for food, fiber and fuel
- Food security, energy security, biofuels, environmental security, genetic
technology
• Food safety – the challenges in changing food and farming
practices
- Plants for the future
- Functional biodiversity
- Genetic resources
1st Scientific Conference VIVUS
»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge and
Practical Experience into Everyday Practice«
19th – 20th April 2012
“Working with nature, and not against it!”
Thank you for Your attention!
[email protected]