Transcript Animal Adaptations - Madison County Schools

Ecology Review
2010-2011
Jag 10/20/10

In Drosophila, the gene for red eyes, R is
dominant for the gene for white eyes, r.
This is sex-linked. Determine the possible
genotype and phenotype ratios expected
from a cross between a heterozygous
female and a red-eyed male.
10/21/10

In Drosophila, the gene for red eyes, R is
dominant for the gene for white eyes, r.
This is sex-linked. Determine the possible
genotype and phenotype ratios expected
from a cross between a heterozygous
female and a white-eyed male.
10/22/10

Describe 3 adaptations that an organism
may have to help it from being consumed.
10/25/10

Two people are not affected by sickle cell
anemia but carry on mutated gene for the
disorder. What is the chance that an
offspring will be affected with sickle cell
anemia?
10/26/10
What type of adaptations would we expect
to find in an aquatic mammal?
 What type of adaptations would we expect
to find in an aquatic plant?

10/27/10

How would the disappearance of plankton
from the riverbed floor affect crabs?
10/28/10

In humans the gene from normal blood
clotting, H, is dominant to the gene for
hemophilia, h. This is a sex-linked trait
found on the X chromosome. A woman
with normal blood clotting has four
children. They are a normal son, a
hemophiliac son, and two normal
daughters. The father has normal blood
clotting. What is the probable genotype
foe each member of the family?
10/29/10

Test Day!
Levels of Organization
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ
Systems → Organisms
 Organism → Species → Population →
Community → Ecosystem

Levels of Organization
An organism is a living thing.
 A species is a group of organism that
share most characteristics and can breed
with one another.
 A population is composed of all the
organism of a species that live in the same
place at the same time.

Levels of Organization
A community is made up of all the
populations that live in an area at the
same time.
 An ecosystem is made up of one or more
communities and their nonliving
environment.

Factors in an ecosystem

Biotic: Things living or
were alive.

Abiotic: Nonliving
Levels of Organization

Species
Population
Community

Ecosystem






A Squirrel
All the squirrels in the forest
The squirrels, trees, grass,
bushes, birds, insects, deer in the
forest
The squirrels, trees, grass,
bushes, birds, insects, deer in the
forest AND water, sunlight, rocks,
soil
Ecosystem
Aquatic: Marine ecosystem
 Terrestrial: Land ecosystem

Roles in an ecosystem
Habitat: place where an organism lives
 Niche: how an organism acts within its
ecosystem (Its job)

Types of Adaptation

Adaptation is anything that helps an organism
survive in its environment is an adaptation.

It also refers to the ability of living things to adjust
to different conditions within their environments.
 Structural
adaptation
 Protective coloration
 Mimicry
 Behaviour adaptations
 Migration
 Hibernation
Structural adaptations

A structural adaptation involves some
part of an animal's body.
 Teeth
 Body
coverings
 Movement
Protective Coloration


Coloration and protective
resemblance allow an
animal to blend into its
environment.
Another word for this might
be camouflage. Their
camouflage makes it hard for
enemies to single out
individuals.
Mimicry

Mimicry allows one
animal to look, sound, or
act like another animal to
fool predators into
thinking it is poisonous
or dangerous.
Behaviour adaptations

Behaviour adaptations
include activities that help an
animal survive.

Behaviour adaptations can be
learned or instinctive.
 Social
behaviour
 Behaviour for protection
Migration

This is when behavioural
adaptation that involves
an animal or group of
animals moving from one
region to another and
then back again.

Animals migrate for
different reasons.
 better
climate
 better food
 safe place to live
 safe place to raise young
 go back to the place they
were born.
Hibernation

This is deep sleep in which animal’s body temp
droops, body activities are slowed to conserve
energy.

E.g. Bats, woodchucks & mice.
What about Bears?

Bears do not actually
hibernate. Bears do
go into long periods of
sleep during the
winter months, but do
not drop their body
temperature and
wake up more often
than animals that
experience true
hibernation.
Estivation


This is a period of reduced activity in the
summer months that allows animals that live in
very hot climates to conserve energy and
resources.
Ex. Desert squirrels and mice
Adaptation leads to Evolution
Evolution is the process by which species
change over time. (Explained by natural
selection.)
 Variation: Differences in traits among members
of the same species. (Ones with more useful
traits survive and reproduce)
 Extinction: Permanent dying out of species of
organisms.

Energy flow in Ecosystems

Producers (autotroph) : an organism that makes
its own food usually through photosynthesis.
 Plants,

algae, and some bacteria
Consumers (Heterotroph): an organism that
cannot make its own food, but must consume
another organism to obtain energy (ex. All
animals, some plants)
 Primary
Consumer: Eats producers/plants
 Secondary Consumer: Eats primary consumers
 Tertiary Consumer: Eats secondary consumers
Energy flow in Ecosystems

Decomposers: an organism that meets its
energy needs by breaking down the
remains of dead organisms to feed on
them.
 Ex.
Fungi and bacteria
 Some organisms can be both decomposers
and consumers like earthworms and insects
Energy flow in Ecosystems
Food Chains: show the flow of energy
from producer to different levels of
consumers to decomposers.
 Food Webs: an interconnected network of
food chains within an ecosystem

Energy flow in Ecosystems

Energy Pyramid: shows flow of energy
 Wide
base = amount of energy in
producers
 Next Levels = amount of energy obtained
by each group of consumers.
 Shape of pyramid shows a decrease in
energy at each trophic level
Symbiosis: Close interaction
between species
Commensalism: 1 benefits while the other
is unaffected.
 Parasitism:1 benefits, while the other is
harmed
 Mutualism: Both Benefit

Biomes

Types of biomes:
 Desert
 Tropical

Biome : large groups
of ecosystems that
have similar climates
and organisms.
Savannah
 Tropical Rain Forest
 Temperate Grassland
 Temperate Woodland
 Temperate deciduous
forest
 Coniferous forest
 Taiga
 Tundra
 Marine
 Freshwater