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Today’s Agenda: 1. Journal Questions: What is the difference between a structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptation? Give examples. *2. Lecture VI: Patterns & Factors that Influence Evolution (Slide 37) 3. Work on In-Class Adaptation Assignment (In your packet) 4. Homework: (Read Ch. 16) and Finish Unit Packet 7/20/2015 1 Today’s Lecture Patterns & Factors that Influence Evolution By Dr. Rick Woodward 7/20/2015 2 EVOLUTION 7/20/2015 3 *What will most likely happen to a trait or adaptation that has a high survival value in a population? A. Obvious Answer: The trait will increase in frequency because it benefits the population. 7/20/2015 4 Natural Selection A. Process by which the best adapted individuals in a population survive and produce similarly adapted offspring. “Survival of the Fittest.” 7/20/2015 5 Types of Organisms Found in Nature 7/20/2015 A. Autotroph (1) Organism that makes its own food through a process such as photosynthesis. a. Plants (Producers) B. Heterotroph (1) Organism that requires a supply of organic material from the environment. a. Animals, Primates (Consumers) 6 Decomposers A. Return material to the environment. B. When an organism dies, the body is eaten by scavengers and decomposed by bacteria. 7/20/2015 7 Habitat A. The place where an organism lives B. Can be different parts of a single tree or it can be different areas like desert, ocean, taiga etc… 7/20/2015 8 Niche A. The role an organism plays in its environment. Examples: (1) Decomposes materials from a tree (2) Produces food (3) Gathers twigs to make a nest (4) Builds a dam in a river (beavers do this) 7/20/2015 9 Food Chains: A. Show how energy is transferred from: SunProducers1Consumers2Consumers Sun Plants Grasshoppers Rodent Hawk 7/20/2015 10 Producers & Consumers: Energy Transfer in a Food Pyramid 7/20/2015 11 Energy Pyramid A. Shows that at the bottom, there is more energy and as you move toward the top of the pyramid, there is less and less energy available B. Energy is lost at each level due to: (1) Motion (2) Heat (body temperature) 7/20/2015 12 Energy Pyramids & Heat Transfer 7/20/2015 13 Food Chains 7/20/2015 14 Prey-Predator Cycles 7/20/2015 Predators act as “checks” to control the populations of other organisms from getting out of balance 15 *Predator-Prey Relationship in a Stable Ecosystem 7/20/2015 16 Competition A. Different Species can compete for resources. B. There are often winners and losers because some are better adapted to survive. 7/20/2015 17 Chemosynthesis A. Process in which an organism uses energy from chemical reactions to produce food. (1) Seen in autotrophs (photosynthesis) 7/20/2015 18 Patterns of Evolution A. Adaptive Radiation: 1. An evolutionary pattern, in which many related species evolved from a single ancestral species. i.e. Last known video of the Tasmanian Wolf a. Example of divergent evolution. 7/20/2015 19 Patterns of Evolution *B. Adaptive Radiation names the process whereby species evolve in widely different ways and adapt to different roles in varying habitats. 7/20/2015 20 Patterns of Evolution C. Divergent Evolution 1. Two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar. 7/20/2015 21 Patterns of Evolution D. Convergent Evolution 1. Unrelated species become more similar in appearance as they adapt to the same kind of environment. 7/20/2015 22 7/20/2015 23 Patterns of Evolution E. Parallel Evolution 1. Two similar species evolve in the same direction. 7/20/2015 24 Speciation A. The evolution of a new species. B. Recall: A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 7/20/2015 25 Processes that Affect Species Development *A. Geographic Isolation: The term for what happens when features of geography cause populations of plants and animals to separate from each other. (1) i.e. Grand Canyon separates species. 7/20/2015 26 Grand Canyon Separating two Species of Squirrels through Geographic Isolation 7/20/2015 27 Reproductive Isolation A. The prevention of interbreeding and gene exchange among species. 7/20/2015 28 Allele Frequencies & Genetic Equilibrium A. The collection of genes for traits in a population is called a gene pool. (1) The gene pool of a population contains all the alleles for all the genes. 7/20/2015 29 Allele Frequencies and Genetic Equilibrium B. An allele frequency is the percentage of a specific allele of a gene in the gene pool. 7/20/2015 30 Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium A. Allele frequencies in a population remain the same from generation to generation unless acted on by outside influences. B. This is based on a set of assumptions about the ideal hypothetical population that is not evolving. 7/20/2015 31 Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium A. A situation in which there are rapid changes in gene pools in a small, isolated population. Could be from: (1) Migration (2) Mutation (3) Genetic Drift 7/20/2015 32 Evolution Hypothesis 1. Gradualism 2. Punctuated Equilibrium 7/20/2015 33 Evolution Hypothesis A. Gradualism is a hypothesis of evolution that asserts that the changes in the evolution of species is slow and steady (gradual) over very long periods of time. 7/20/2015 34 Evolution Hypothesis A. Punctuated Equilibrium – The hypothesis that asserts that the normally slow and gradual process of evolution is broken by short periods of rapid evolutionary change. 7/20/2015 35 Gradualism & Punctuated Equilibrium 7/20/2015 36 gr 7/20/2015 37 Summary of the Different Forms of Evolution A. Parallel Evolution – Two similar species evolve in same direction B. Convergent Evolution – Two unrelated species evolve in same direction C. Adaptive Radiation – Several species develop from an original parent species 7/20/2015 38 Today’s In-Class Assignment 1. Create an organism with: (1) At least three structural adaptations. (2) At least two physiological adaptations. (3) At least two behavioral adaptations. 2. Draw this organism and explain how these adaptations benefit this being and allow it to compete and survive. 3. Use Color Pencils 7/20/2015 39 Spring Semester 2011 Dr. Woodward’s Biology Class Items due on the day of your quiz Check list ____ What is classification? (Taxonomy Handout with word bank) ____ Page 67 (Evolution: Section 12.1 “Evidence of Evolution) ____ Page 72 (Evolution: Chapter 12 Vocabulary) ____ Page 73 (Adaptation & Speciation 13.1) ____ Page 114 (Bird Adaptations) ____ Page 78 (Adaptation & Speciation: Chapter 13 Vocabulary) ____ Unique Creature (In-class adaptations assignment) ____ Study Guide for Exam ____ Composition book with all class lecture notes and answered journal questions (1-6) Journal Questions: What does the term “biodiversity” refer to? Describe taxonomy and its usefulness. a. What are the five kingdom’s of Life Why is biodiversity important? Describe two mass extinctions. List three abiotic factors What is an ecotone? What does acclimation mean? Describe three types of evidence that support the theory of evolution. What is the difference between a structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptation? Give examples of each. 7/20/2015 40