Transcript Classification & Taxonomy Part II - Naked Science

Classification of
Living Things Review
REMEMBER
BIODIVERSITY
______________
all the living things in an
total of _______________
ecosystem
SPECIES
___________
population of organisms that
share similar
____________
can breed
characteristics
____________ and ________ with each
other
Biologists have identified and named
2 million species
over____________________
so far.
2-100 million
Estimates = between _____________
species yet be discovered
WHY CLASSIFY?
Identifies and names species
________________________________
Groups organisms in a logical manner
________________________________
TAXONOMY
_______________
=
branch of biology that
names and groups organisms
Naming and organizing animals
into groups with biological
helps make sense
significance ______________
of
relationships
____________.
BIRD . . . ?
An animal with feathers
A good classification system:
places organisms in a group with
___
other
_________________________
organisms that are similar
A good classification system:
Uses names that are UNIQUE
______
CHANGE as new data is discovered
Can ______
RELATIONSHIPS of organisms
Shows _____________
(300 B.C.)
The first person to
group or classify
organisms was the
Greek teacher &
philosopher
ARISTOTLE
__________
more than 2000
years ago.
Aristotle’s system
By: Riedell
PLANTS:
Based on
_________
kind of stem
_________
ANIMALS:
Based
on where
_________
they
lived
_________
Common names can vary
Example:
mountain lion
______________
puma
______________
catamount
______________
cougar
______________
. . . are all names
for the same animal
universally accepted scientific name
By using a _____________________________,
scientists can be sure they are discussing
the same organism
Common names vary
Chipmunk (English)
________
German
Streifenhornchen (______)
Italian
Tamia (______)
Spanish
Ardilla listada (______)
Common names can be misleading
Ex:
jellyFISH isn’t a fish,
A ________
seaHORSE is!
but a _________
Sea cucumber
plant
sounds like a _____
animal
but… it’s an ______!
Common names can be misleading
In the United Kingdom,
BUZZARD refers to a hawk
________
____
In the United States,
BUZZARD refers to a
________
vulture
______.
By mid 19th century,
scientists recognized that
using common names was
confusing.
Scientists agreed to use
____________
Latin and Greek to give a
single name to each
species.
EXAMPLE: RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis
setaceo-mucronatis
“oak with deeply divided leaves with
deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like
bristles”
PROBLEMS:
Names too hard and long to remember!
Different scientists described different
characteristics.
________________
Carolus Linnaeus
comes to the rescue!
Swedish botanist who
devised a new
classification system
This system is still used
today!
(1707-1778)
Linnaeus’s System
Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy
of 7 different taxonomic levels
OR _________
TAXONS
The practice of assigning each
organism a two part scientific name
=
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
_____________________________
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kids
Prefer
Cheese
Over
Fried
Green
Spinach
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species leo
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________
GENUS NAME
– Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________
SPECIES NAME
–Always lower case
UNDERLINED or
Both names are ______________
ITALICS
written in ____________.
GENUS = group of closely related
species
GENUS = _____
Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)
Ursus
arctos
Ursus
maritimus
Ursus
americanis
unique to each kind of bear
SPECIES = ______________________
Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
In a way, organisms determine
who belongs to their species
by choosing with whom they
will ______!
MATE
Taxonomic groups are
“invented” by scientists to
group organisms with similar
___________.
characteristics
BUT. . .
which characteristics
are MOST IMPORTANT?
dolphin be grouped
Should a ______
fish because it ___
has
with ____
fins
and lives in water
__________________?
mammals because it
OR with _______
breathes air and makes milk
_______________________
for its young?
Look at these 3 organisms:
BARNACLE
CRAB
LIMPET
Judging by
appearances you
would probably put
______ and barnacles
_______
limpets
together in a group
and crabs
____ in a different group.
BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!
Look more closely!
LIMPET
BARNACLE
Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have a segmented body
Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.
Limpets DON’T !
CRAB
Look more closely!
LIMPET
CRAB
BARNACLE
Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
So do CRABS !
Barnacles have a segmented body
So do CRABS !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.
So do CRABS !
LIMPET
SNAIL
Limpets have an internal anatomy more like
MOLLUSKS
snails, which are ________.
Because of these characteristics, scientists have
concluded that barnacles are more closely
related to crabs than to ________
MOLLUSKS
BOTH crabs and barnacles have been
CRUSTACEANS
classified as ____________
All of the classification methods
discussed so far are based on
physical similarities and differences
____________________________.
Even organisms with very different
anatomies can share common traits.
EX: All living things use
DNA and RNA
______________to
pass on
information and control growth.
GENES of many organisms show
remarkable similarity at the molecular
_______
level
____.
Similarities
in DNA can be used to help
_______________
determine classification
__________ and evolutionary
________
relationships
__________ between organisms.
Humans have a gene that codes for a
protein that helps our muscles move
MYOSIN
called __________
Researchers have found a gene in
yeast that codes for a myosin
protein, that enables internal cell
parts to move.
Most closely-related
to humans
Most distantly-related
to humans
Similarities in DNA can be used to
relationships
help show evolutionary
____________________
how species have changed
and ____________________.
African vulture
American vulture
Stork
Traditionally these first two were
classified together in falcon family.
Storks were put in a separate family.
American vultures have a peculiar
behavior. When they get overheated,
they urinate on their legs to cool off
African vulture
American vulture
Stork
The only other bird that does this is the
STORK.
DNA comparisons showed more
similarities between American vulture
and stork DNA than DNA from the
two kinds of vultures suggesting a
recent common ancestor
more ______________________
between storks and American vultures
African vulture
American vulture
Stork