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The Human impact
Lonnie Thompson, Ohio State University
Melting of glaciers: During the last 27 years the Quelccaya glacier in Peru retracted. At its place a
lake of melted water appeared
Kilimanjaro
Temperate regions: From 1990 to 2005 the
Morteratsch glacier in the Bernina area
(Switzerland) retracted several ten meters.
The pole caps
During three years the north polar ice shields shrinked by about 30%.
http://www.ipcc.ch
http://www.grida.no/publications/
The worst case scenario (steady rise in CO2 emissions
Predicted changes in winter precipitation up to 2100
Measured temperatures, precipitation and snow
cover (northern hemisphere) since 1850.
Predicted changes in summer precipitation up to 2100
Global Average Sea Level Change 1990 to 2100
What is global change?
Major global environmental global changes
Climate change
Climate change is manifest through the increase of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases
Stratospheric ozone loss
O3 protect us from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays. It is destroyed by chlorofluorocarbons
Air pollution
Air pollution, once thought to be of only local importance (SMOG) has now become a global problem
Ocean pollution
Pollution more and more reduce the ability of the world’s oceans to sustain life and to provide food
Fresh water issues
A rising number of countries has problems to provide it’s people with fresh water
Soil degradation
Over the past 50 years, about 11% of the earth’s vegetated land surface has experienced moderate
top extreme soil degradation
Biodiversity loss
Although estimates are very imprecise it seems clear that we are actually undergoing a phase of mass
extinction.
Species distribution modelling
White - red - jack pine
Spruce fire
Longleaf - slash pine
Loblolly - shortical pine
Oak - pine
Oak - hickory
Oak - gum - cypress
Elm - ash - cottonwood
Maple - beech - birch
Aspen - birch
-750
-500
-250
0
Area in 1000 km
250
500
750
2
Potential change in area occupied by 10 North American forest types. Mean
values of five climatic scenarios that gave similar results
(modified from Iverson and Prasad 2001, Ecosystems 4: 186-199).
Acadia
Big Bend
Glacier
GSM
Shenandoah
Yellowstone
Yosemite
Zion
Current
species
number
43
48
52
48
33
53
64
53
Species
lost
Species
gained
Gained lost
3
10
2
8
3
0
6
1
8
22
45
29
11
49
25
41
5
12
43
21
8
49
19
40
Rel. species turnover
Park
Ranked
geogr.
position
3
8
1
7
4
2
5
6
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Gaines
2
R = 0.27
2
R = 0.58
Losses
0
2
4
6
8
Rank geographic position [north to south]
Data from Burns et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acd. Sci. USA 100: 11474-11477
10
Major drivers on changes in biodiversity
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Land use
Climate
N deposition
Biotic exchange
CO2
Relative effects of major drivers on changes in biodiversity. Land use was given the
value of 1.
Sala O. E. et al. 2000. Science 287: 1770-1774
Apine
CO2
Exchange
N
Exchange
CO2
Exchange
CO2
N
Climate
Land use
CO2
Exchange
N
N
Climate
CO2
Exchange
N
Climate
Land use
CO2
Exchange
N
Climate
Climate
CO2
Exchange
N
Climate
Climate
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Land use
CO2
Exchange
N
Streams
Tropical forests
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Climate
Land use
CO2
Exchange
N
Climate
Land use
Southern temperate forests
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
CO2
Exchange
N
Climate
Northern temperate forests
Desert
Mediteranean
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Land use
Land use
CO2
Exchange
N
Climate
Land use
CO2
N
Climate
Land use
Exchange
Lakes
Savanna
Land use
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Land use
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Grassland
Boreal
Land use
Arctic
Effect of five important drivers on future biodiversity change for 12 terrestrial and
freshwater ecosystems or biomes.
Sala O. E. et al. 2000. Science 287: 1770-1774
Relative amounts of change under the assumption that major drivers act independent
Relative amounts of change under the assumption that major drivers act synergistic
Global biodiversity conservation priorities
CE: crisis ecoregions; BH: biodiversity hotspots; EBA: endemic rd areas; CPD: centers of plant
diversity; MC: megadiversity countries; G200: global 200 ecoregions; HBWA: high biodiversity
wilderness areas; FF: frontier forests; LW: last of the wild
From Brooks T. M. et al. 2006. Science 313:58-61
Spatial overlap (percents) between nine priority approaches
Crisis ecoregion
Biodiverity hotspots
Endemic bird areas
Centres of plant
diversity
Megadiversity
countries
Global 200
ecoregions
High biodiversity
wilderness areas
Frontier forests
Last of the wild
Percent land area
High
Centres of
Megadiversi Global 200 biodiversity
plant
ty countries ecoregions wilderness
diversity
areas
10
44
36
2
21
46
78
0
24
68
70
7
Crisis
ecoregion
Biodiverity
hotspots
Endemic
bird areas
Frontier
forests
Last of the
wild
61
43
33
50
14
33
-
1
5
11
4
6
11
34
40
28
-
48
66
18
14
21
38
21
19
12
-
53
18
11
24
28
33
19
15
48
-
16
16
28
6
0
15
19
79
72
-
41
53
4
5
30
8
4
16
11
4
10
13
7
9
39
34
35
64
43
37
35
17
8
28
9
73
24
Areas of potential conservation value only partly overlap.
Depending on the criteria different areas receive high conservation values.
There is no unequivocal criterium which area to protect.
From Brooks T. M. et al. (2006)
Primary causes of endangerment for 98 US plant species
Water control
8%
Natural causes
1%
Exotics
6%
Agriculture
5%
Grazing
11%
Military
1%
Trampling
8%
Logging
7%
Fire control
4%
Collecting
10%
Off-road vehicles
6%
Oil, Gas, Mining
8%
Development
21%
Roads
4%
Invasive species
„But the cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) has a far wider range.: it
now occurs in these latitudes on both sides of the Cordillera across
the continent. I saw it in unfrequented spots in Chile, Entre Rios,
and Banda oriental. In the latter country alone, very many
(probably several hundred) square miles are covered with one
mass of these prickly plants, and are impenetrable by man or
beast. Over the undulating plains, where these great beds occur,
nothing else can live. Before their introduction, however, I
apprehend the surface supported as in other parts a rank herbage.
I doubt whether any case is on record of an invasion of so grand
scale of one plant over the aborigines”
Charles Darwin 1839: Voyage of the Beagle.
What are invasive species?
Invasive species (neobiota) are those that
•
were accidently introduced into new habitats by man
(alien species)
•
were intentionally introduced into new habitats by
man for commercial purposes
•
were intentionally introduced into new habitats by
man for biological control
•
greatly extended their natural home ranges towards
new areas for instance due to climate change or
human activities (roads, tunnels)
Some well known examples
Colorado Potato beetle
First introduced to Europe in 1877
First record in Poland 1960
Gipsy moth
First introduced into North America in
1868
Has about 650 different host plants
During outbreaks causes major
damages in softwood forests
Tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)
The Asian species was first reported from Houston
texas in 1985
Nil perch
Now established in Brazil, Europe, and New Zealand
Introduced into the great Est African lakes
during the 1950s and 1960s to improve
fishering.
Vectors of yellow and dengue fever, as well as
encephalitis
Caused dramatic changes in faunal and
floral composition
First occurrence in mainland France in 2006. Now
recorded from Belgium, Italy, France, Balkan region.
Since 2007 in Middle Europe (Germany)
Caused algal blooms and eutrophication
In Germany it partly outcompetes the indigen Culex
pipiens.
First deadly infection of Chikungunya feaver in Italy
2007.
Caused the extinction of more than 200
native fish species (2/3 of all species)
Hulecoeteomyia japonicus
Sciurus carolinensis
The Asian bush mosquito was introducuded
to southern Europe since about 2000.
Since 2013 in Central and Eastern Germany
The grey squirrel was introduced to
great britain in 1989 and since then
outcompeted the red squirrel Sciurus
vulgaris due to its resistence against an
Parapox virus.
Introduced also to Ireland, Italy and
RPA.
In 2006 a campaign against the grey
sqirrel started.
Occasisonal vector of West-Nil virus and
Encephalitis.
Eichhornia crassipes
Introduced into China from South America
in the 1930s as an ornamental plant, to
provide liestock food and to control air
pollution
Caused reduction of lake areas and let to
the extinction of about 30 fish species
Reduced lake areas caused climate
changes and changes in water cycling
Marenzelleria viridis
The flatworm was introduced via ship ballast
water (first records 1979)
In the vistula lagoon it has become the
dominant species constituting up to 97% of
the total biomass of the bottom- living
macrofauna
Harmonia axyridis
In the USA unsuccessfully used as aphid
predator in biological control programs since
1916.
Sudden spread in USA since 1980.
Major impact on natural communities of aphid
predators due to its high reproduction rate.
First observations of the Asian Lady beetle
2001: Belgium
2002: Germany, Netherlands
2004: UK, France
2007: Scandinavia, Poland
2009: Whole of Poland
Unknown Leiobunum harvestman (Opilionida) species
First observed in the Netherlands
(2007)
In 2008 massive invasion along
the Rhine river up to Switzerland
Species are up to 18 cm in diameter.
They occur in large colonize of up to
several hundred individuals.
They show colonial movements.
How many species are invasive?
Number of
native species
Number of
invasive species
New Zealand (plants)
1790
1570
Hawaii (plants)
956
861
17591
4465
Tristan de Cunha (plants)
70
97
Campbell Islands (plants)
128
81
South Georgia (plants)
26
54
Southern Africa (freshwater fish)
176
52
California (freshwater fish)
83
52
Berlin (plants)
839
593
Woody perennials
(Southern Australia)
2230
188
Europe (spiders)
3500
80
35
1700
Hawaii (all species)
Great Britain (trees)
Data from McNeely J. A. (1999), Kobelt and Nentwig (2008),
Caley et al. 2008, and Sukopp (1990)
How do alien species come to Hawaii?
Miscellaneous Mails
2%
3%
Baggage
40%
Air cargo
39%
Ship
cargo
16%
25% of all Hawaiian species are alien
A conceptual model of invading species
Human activities
Disturbance
Invading
species
Changing
land use
Changing
environmental
conditions
Changing of
ecosystem
functioning
Habitat
fragmentation
Changing land
management
Increasing opportunities for invaders
What makes a
species
invasive?
Marcel Rejmanek (1946-
Charcteristics of invasie species
•
r-strategists
•
have high dispersal ability
•
have small genome sizes
•
are habitat or feeding generalists
•
self pollinators (plants)
•
Early to mid-successional habitats
•
have long flowering periods (plants)
•
Mesic environments and open water
•
have a high proportion of leaf area (grasses)
•
have small seed sizes (in woody plants)
•
Disturbed habitats
•
occupy often disturbed sites
•
Fragmented habitats
DNA contents of 148 Californian angiosperms
(from Knight et al. 2005)
What habitats are susceptible to invasions?