Transcript Biodiversity

Biodiversity:
Who cares?
Which is more diverse?
A
B
Which is more diverse?
A
B
Which is more diverse?
A
B
Which is more diverse?
A
B
Which has more cultural
diversity?
A
B
Which has more biodiversity?
A
B
Which has more biodiversity?
A
B
What do you think biodiversity
means?
Biodiversity
What does “Bio” mean?
Bio =
Biodiversity
What does “Diversity” mean?
Diversity = Variety
Biodiversity is the variety of life in an
area or on Earth
Biodiversity
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Variety of living things,
number of kinds
Ecological diversity
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Species diversity
–
•
different habitats, niches,
species interactions
different kinds of
organisms, relationships
among species
Genetic diversity
–
different genes &
combinations of genes
within populations
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Biodiversity

How much biodiversity
1.7—2.0 million species
 Estimates to 100 million

16 June 2010
Biodiversity.ppt
13
Essential Nutrient Cycles
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All life depends on essential nutrients that
cycle between life and Earth.
If there is a break in the cycle then life pays
the price.
Chemical Cycling
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Nutrient cycles involve a balance between both
abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem
The most essential nutrients that life depends on
are: Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Threats to Biodiversity
Things that mess up our delicate balance with Earth
1.
2.
3.
4.
Habitat Loss
Pollution
Exploitation
Global Climate
Change
5. Invasive
Species
Habitat Loss
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Habitat destruction
Logging
 Ranching
 Agriculture
 Houses
 Roads
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Exploitation
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Over hunting
Over Fishing
Over Using
Pollution
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Pollution occurs in the
air, on the land, and in
the water.
Biological Magnification

Toxic substances become
more concentrated at
higher levels in the food
chain.
Ozone Depletion
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Pollution from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
released into the atmosphere destroys the
ozone layer.
Bioremediation
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Bioremediation: use of living organisms to
detoxify polluted systems
Invasive Species
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Non-native species that is brought into an area
that takes over killing many things that live
there.
Global Climate Change
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Global Warming: warming of planet
due to atmospheric accumulation of
carbon dioxide.
Example of the
Greenhouse Effect
The Sun’s energy
passes through the
car’s windshield.
This energy (heat)
is trapped inside
the car and cannot
pass back through
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to warm
up.
Earth’s Atmospheric Gases
Nitrogen (N2)
Oxygen (O2)
Argon (Ar)
Non>99%
Greenhouse
Gases
Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Greenhouse
<1%
Gases
Sun
Runaway Greenhouse Effect
• 97% carbon dioxide
• 3% nitrogen
• Water & sulfuric acid
clouds
• Temperature:
860°F
Venus
How Global Warming Works
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
How is global warming
measured?
Ice Core Data
CO2 Measurements Before 1958 - Antarctica
CO2 Atmospheric
Measurements
CO2 Measurements Since 1958 – Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Global Warming Myths
Just like with other things that
involve responsibility and
money...,any myths are created
to deflect the blame
Global Warming Has Stopped?
NO IT HAS NOT!
1366.8
1366.6
0.6
0.4
1366.4
1366.2
1366.0
0.2
0.0
1365.8
1365.6
1365.4
1365.2
-0.2
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Solar Irradiance (W/m2)
D Mean Temperature (°C)
0.8
Global Warming is Caused by Sunspots?
NO IT DOES NOT CORRELATE!
250
D Mean Temperature (°C)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
150
0.0
100
-0.2
50
-0.4
-0.6
1880
1900
1920
1940
Year
1960
1980
2000
0
Sunspots
200
Global Warming is Caused by GCR?
1.0
4600
0.8
4400
4200
0.6
4000
0.4
3800
0.2
3600
0.0
3400
-0.2
3200
-0.4
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
3000
2010
Gamma Cosmic Rays
D Mean Temperature (°C)
NO IT DOES NOT CORRELATE EITHER!
Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Northern Hemisphere?
FALSE!
Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Land
FALSE!
Temperature Change (°C)
Northern vs. Southern Latitude
Land vs. Ocean
1.0
0.8
0.6
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Land
Ocean
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1920
1960
Year
2000
1920
1960
Year
2000
Global Warming is Due to Heat from the Cities?
NOT TRUE!
2009 Temperature Changes Compared to 1951-1980
-4.1
-4
-2
-1
-.5
-.2
.2
.5
1
2
4
4.1
Carbon Dioxide Cause Global
Climate Change
CO2 (ppm)
420
Carbon Dioxide Levels
CO2 (ppm)
370
320
Muana Loa Readings
CO2 Levels Since 1958
370
350
330
310
40 30 20 10 0
270
220
Dome Concordia
170 600000
Vostok Ice Core
400000
200000
Time (YBP)
0
Carbon (109 metric tons)
Volcanoes Put Out More CO2 Than Fossil Fuel Burning?
NO THEY DO NOT!
10
8
6
4
2
0
Volcanoes
Fossil Fuel
Carbon Footprint
Pounds of Carbon Dioxide
• ___ tons CO2 X 2205 lbs/ton = ___lbs CO2
• ___ tons CO2 X 556200 L/ton = ___L CO2
• ___ tons CO2 X 770 lbs/ton = ___lbs Coal
500 lbs.
of coal
National Carbon Emissions
• China
• United States
• India
6,538,367,000
5,838,381,000
1,612,362,000
Portage Glacier
• Alaska
1914
2004
40
6
320
20
4
300
20
280
-20
0
260
-40
-2
240
-60
-4
CO2 (ppmv)
Sea Level
Relative
Temperature
CO
CO
Vs.Temperature
Sea Level
2 2Vs.
220
-80
-6
-100
-8
200
-120
-10
180
500000
400000
300000
200000
Time (ybp)
100000
0
Rohling et al. 2009. Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the last five glacial cycles. Nature Geoscience 2:500.
Billions of Metric Tons Carbon
Goal:
Reductions in
2007
CO2 Per Year
of Metric
Billions
Carbon Tons Carbon
Gigaton
Our Goal
2007
Reductions
in CO2
Per Year
Produce electricity
efficiently
Use electricity
efficiently
Vehicle efficiency
Solar and Wind
Power
Biofuels
Carbon capture
and storage
What’s being done now to
reduce our emissions?
Wind Power
Solar Power
Fuel-Efficiency
Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV
when you’re not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or
curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Use compact fluorescent bulbs.
Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs
Incandescent
What’s the
difference?
Compact
Fluorescent
500 lbs.
of coal
•1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided
•$30 saved
Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up
the air conditioning. Or use a fan.
Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning
up the heat.
Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on
your AC and furnace clean.
Walk short distances instead of asking for a
ride in the car.
Plant a tree.
Recycle.
Should we be concerned about
biodiversity?
What we know:
The Earth is losing species at an alarming rate
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Some scientists estimate that as many as
3 species per hour are going extinct and
20,000 extinctions occur each year.
When species of plants and animals go
extinct, many other species are affected.
What do we get from
biodiversity?
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Oxygen
Food
Clean Water
Medicine
Aesthetics
Survival
Protecting Biodiversity
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Biodiversity “hotspots”
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16 June 2010
Protection of habitat
Biodiversity.ppt
65
Conservation Biology
A branch of biology that focuses on the
preservation of biodiversity
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Preservations
Rescue programs
Resource
conservation
Reintroduction
programs