Transcript EOCT Review

EOCT Review
Answers
Introduction
EOCT Review guide page 1
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• Biology is the study of life.
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•
•
1.) Need food.
2.) Reproduce
3.) Use energy
4.) Grow and develop
5.) Maintain Homeostasis
6.) Have DNA
7.) Adapt & Respond to stimuli
8.) Made of at least one cell.
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• Homeostasis is an organism’s ability to regulate
its internal environment.
• Example:
– When your temperature goes up, you sweat to cool
yourself off. When you get cold, you shiver to warm
up.
• Importance:
– Without being able to respond to changes in its
internal environment, an organism would die.
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•
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•
•
•
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1.) Observation
2.) Hypothesis
3.) Prediction
4.) Experiment
5.) Data Collection
6.) Conclusion
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• Independent variable:
– is the variable being tested.
– is the variable the experimenter makes different
between the different groups.
– is also called the manipulated variable.
• Dependent Variable:
– Is what changes because of the independent variable.
– Is what is measured in the experiment.
– Is called the responding variable.
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• Qualitative data:
– Involves characteristics/descriptions.
– Ex: The plant’s leaves changed from green to
yellow-brown.
• Quantitative data:
– Involves numbers/calculations.
– Example: 25% of the plant’s leaves changed colors
on the first day.
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Chart
Summarizes data in rows/columns
Bar Graph
Compares different data (magnitude)
Line Graph
Shows how data changes over time
Circle Graph
Shows how parts relate to the whole
Flowchart
Shows order of steps
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• Know these branches of biology.
Domain I
Cells
EOCT Review Guide pages 2-4
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• A.) All living things are made of cells.
• B.) Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living organisms.
• C.) All cells come from existing cells.
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• Eukaryotes:
– Have a nucleus
– Have membrane-bound organelles
• E.R., Golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria
– Some can be multicellular.
• Prokaryotes:
– No nucleus
– No membrane-bound organelles
• No E.R., No Golgi, No vesicles, No lysosomes, No mitochondria
– Only unicellular
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• The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is
made up of phospholipids and proteins.
3 continued…
4
• Selectively Permiable:
– Only certain substances can cross the membrane
and come into/go out of the cell.
– Substances that can cross freely:
•
•
•
•
Water
Amino acids
Gases
Sugars
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• A.) Receptor
• A protein that serves as a receiving point for cellular
messages or signals.
• B.) Marker
• A protein that indicates the cell’s identity
• Important in immunity
• C.) Channel
• A protein that serves as a doorway into the cell for large or
electrically charged molecules.
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Organelle
Nucleus
Function
Store & protect
DNA; “control
center of the
cell.”
Pro/Eu/Both
Animal/Plant/Both
EU
Both
Controls what
can go into/out
of the nucleus
EU
Both
Ribosomes
Make proteins
Both
Both
Mitochondria
Make ATP
EU
Both
Chloroplast
Make sugar
EU
Plants
Nuclear Envelope
6 continued
E.R.
Golgi
Transport
proteins from
EU
ribosome to
golgi; make lipids
Modify, package
and ship
proteins.
Both
EU
Both
Cell Membrane
Controls what
can go into/out
of the cell
Both
Both
Cell Wall
Provides shape
and external
support to the
cell.
Both
Plants
Cytoplasm
Contains building Both
blocks for
molecules
Both
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• Active transport requires ATP energy.
• Passive does not require any energy.
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• Diffusion – Movement of particles from high
concentration to low.
• Facilitated Diffusion – Diffusion of large
molecules using channel proteins.
• Osmosis – Movement of water from high
concentration to low.
• Endocytosis – Active transport that brings large
molecules into the cell by engulfing the molecule.
• Exocytosis – Active transport that sends
molecules out of the cell.
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• Picture 1 = Isotonic
• Picture 2 = Hypotonic
• Picture 3 = Hypertonic
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• Chemical reaction = results in new chemicals
being formed.
• Physical reaction = changes the
shape/structure of the molecules, but no new
molecules are formed.
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• Reactants = on the left
• Products = on the right
• Example: CO2 + H20 + light  Sugar + O2
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
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• Endothermic =
– absorbs energy.
– Photosynthesis is endothermic.
• Exothermic =
– Releases energy
– Cell respiration is exothermic
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• Enzymes:
– Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical
reactions.
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• Substrate:
– Molecule being changed by the enzyme-catalyzed
reaction.
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• Active site
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• On board…
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• A.) pH changes
• Can change the shape of the enzyme, resulting in it not
functioning.
• B.) Temperature changes
• Cold: molecules move slower, so are less likely to encounter
enzymes.
• Hot: changes shape of enzyme
• General rule: as the environment gets warmer, enzymes
work faster. HOWEVER, too hot = denatured enzyme.
• “Denature”:
– Means: “Change the shape of an enzyme.”
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• Water has a slightly positive and slightly
negative end.
– due to the unequal pull on the electrons by the
molecules.
– Oxygen is “stronger” than hydrogen, so it can pull
on the electron in the bond more.
– The electron is closer to the oxygen, so oxygen
becomes negative and hydrogen becomes
positive.
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• Your cells and the cells of all other organisms
are made mostly of water.
• Water gives cells structure and transports
substances within the organism.
• All cell processes take place in a watery
environment.
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• Homogeneous solution:
– a mixture where the components that make up the
mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the
mixture.
– Ex: blood, air, sugar water
• Heterogeneous solution:
– a mixture where the components of the mixture are
not uniform or have localized regions with different
properties.
– Ex: oil and water, soup, muddy water
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• C.) 0-6.9
• D.) 7.1-14
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Macromolecule
Function
Monomer
Example
Carbohydrate
Provide energy
Monosaccharide
Glucose, sucrose,
starch
Lipid
Store energy,
provide insulation,
make cell
membranes
No true monomer,
but made of
glycerol and 3 fatty
acids.
Phospholipid,
waxes, oils, fats
Protein
Markers, channels,
receptors, build
bones and muscles,
act as enzymes
Amino acids
Enzymes
Nucleotide
DNA & RNA
Nucleic Acid
Store and transmit
heredity; contain
information for
making proteins
Domain II
Organisms
EOCT Review pages 5-7
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• ATP is a nucleotide.
• It is used as a source of energy in the cell.
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• ATP releases energy as bonds are broken.
• A–P–P–P
This bond is broken
• A–P–P + P
This is ADP…which is a
lower energy molecule
than ATP.
3
• Cell use energy for:
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•
•
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•
•
Respiration
Photosynthesis (in plants)
Digestion (in animals)
Reproduction (meiosis)
Active transport
Growth and repair (mitosis)
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Process
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
Organelle where it
occurs
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm and
Mitochondria
CO2 + H20 + LIGHT
What is needed?
CO2, H20, LIGHT
Sugar (glucose)
and Oxygen
What is produced?
Sugar (glucose)
and Oxygen
CO2, H20, 36 ATP
Sugar (glucose)
+ Oxygen
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• PLANTAE!!!!!
• And…Some bacteria and some protists.
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• Sugar (glucose) + Oxygen
CO2 + H20
+ 36 ATP
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• All eukaryotic kingdoms perform respiration:
– Plantae
– Protista
– Animalia
– Fungi
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• Autotroph; Producer
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• Heterotroph; Consumer
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• Fermentation is a process that occurs when
there is not enough oxygen to run steps 2
(Krebs cycle)and 3 (Electron transport chain)
of cell respiration.
• It happens in the cytoplasm.
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• The glucose is broken in half during step 1 of
cell respiration (glycolysis) to form two
pyruvate molecules.
• The pyruvate is changed into lactic acid, which
allows glycolysis to happen again.
• You feel the lactic acid build up as a burning
sensation in your muscles.
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• Taxonomy is the scientific study of classifying
organisms into groups based on
characteristics.
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• Homo sapiens
• Homo = genus name
• sapiens = species name.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
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• A taxon (pl. taxa) is a level of classification.
– K, P, C, O, F, G, and S are taxa.
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•
•
•
•
•
Similar DNA sequences (biochemistry)
Physical similarities
Geographic distribution
Chromosome comparisons
Breeding behavior
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• It allows for an orderly study and makes
comparisons between organisms possible.
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• Evolutionary relationships are another way to
determine how closely two species are
related.
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• Old bacterial kingdom = Monera
• Scientists realized that some bacteria were as
different from other bacteria as plants are
from animals.
– So, they needed to be in different kingdoms.
• Thus, the birth of kingdoms Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria
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• A tool used to determine the identity of an
organism based on physical characteristics.
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• A = house fly
• B = Grasshopper
• C = Ladybug
• D = dragonfly
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• A cladogram is a diagram showing
evolutionary relationships and history
between organisms.
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• A.) Mosses
• Technically it is the green algae ancestor, but of the clades
listed, Mosses are the oldest.
• B.) Ferns, Cone-bearing plants and Flowering
plants
• C.) Cone-bearing plants and flowering plants
• D.) Flowering plants
19…don’t know why it is numbered
19….accept it and move on.
Characteristic Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Type
PRO
PRO
EU
EU
EU
EU
# of cells
1
1
1+
Some
1+,
most
multi
Multi
multi
Nucleus
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
FOOD?
Some auto/
some hetero
Some
auto/
some
hetero
Some auto/ Hetero
some hetero
Auto
Hetero
Cell wall?
YES
YES
Some
YES
YES
NO
Photosyn?
NO
A few
A few
NO
YES
NO
Ex:
Thermophiles -E. Coli
Methanogens -Staph
-Strep
Plants
Animals
Euglena
-Mold
Amoeba
- Yeast
Paramecium
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• Binary fission is an asexual method of
reproduction that occurs in bacteria. It is very
similar to mitosis:
– 1.) The bacterial DNA is copied.
– 2.) The copied DNA moves to opposite sides of
the cell.
– 3.) The cell splits in half forming two identical
cells.
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• Decomposers return nutrients into the soil
(and atmosphere in the case of carbon (CO2)
allowing the cycle to continue.
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• Viruses are considered non-living because:
– 1.) They cannot reproduce on their own. (They
need a host).
– 2.) They are not made of cells.
– They are essentially a bag made of protein with DNA or RNA in
the bag.
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This is a
BACTERIOPHAGE.
(A virus that infects bacteria)
Pay special attention to the CAPSID and the
DNA. These are the two most important
parts for you to know!!!
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• In the lytic cycle, the
virus:
– 1.) completely takes over
the cell
– 2.) uses the cell’s
organelles to make new
viruses
– 3.) causes the cell to
explode, releasing the
new viruses.
These are very fastacting viruses.
• In the lysogenic cycle,
the virus:
– 1.) hides its DNA in the
host cell DNA.
– 2.) reproduces only as
fast as the host cell goes
through mitosis.
– 3.) may lie hidden for
years before the person
shows any symptoms.
These tend to be
slow-acting viruses.
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• A very basic explanation:
– 1.) The virus enters the host cell.
– 2.) The virus is copied within the cell.
• Either by
– taking over the cell (lytic cycle) or
– by being copied as the host cell divides (lysogenic cycle)
– 3.) The new viruses leave the cell to infect other
cells.
Domain III
EOCT review guide pages 8-12
1
• Interphase
&
Cell Division
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• G1 = cell grows and carries out its normal job.
• S phase = DNA is copied (replicated/duplicated)
• G2 = Cell prepares for division
3
• During mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks
down and the copied chromosomes are
separated to either side of the cell. (this is
mitosis)
• Then , the cell divides. (This is cytokinesis)
4
• The cytoplasm of the cell divides, cutting the
cell in half.
• In animals, the cell pinches in half.
• In plants, the cell builds a new cell wall in the
middle of the cell. The new cell wall is called a
cell plate.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
A = Early Prophase
B = Telophase
C = Metaphase
D = Interphase
E = Anaphase
F = Late Prophase
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Phase
Description
Prophase
DNA condenses to form chromosomes. Nuclear envelope breaks
down.
Metaphase
Copied chromosomes line up at the center (equator) of the cell.
Anaphase
Copied chromosomes (sister chromatids) split apart and begin
moving to the poles of the cell.
Telophase
The exact opposite of prophase. DNA unwinds and the new
nuclear envelopes reform.
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• Mitosis is for growth and repair.
• Meiosis is for production of gametes
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• Haploid = a cell with half the normal number
of chromosomes. These cells are usually
gametes.
• Diploid = a cell with a full set of chromosomes.
These cells are usually somatic cells.
9
Asexual & Sexual
Similarities
•Both are types of reproduction
•Both involve the production of new cells
Differences
•Asexual produced identical cells.
•Sexual produces different cells.
•Asexual is an advantage when the environment is stable.
•Sexual is an advantage when the environment is changing.
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• Mitosis is asexual because the daughter cells
are identical to the parent cell.
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• Meiosis is sexual because the daughter cells
are different from the parent cells.
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Body cell or
sex cells?
# of
divisions?
# of stages
(total)?
# of cells
produced?
# of
chromosome
s in cells
produced?
Mitosis
Body cells
1
4 (PMAT)
2
Same
number
(cells are
diploid)
Meiosis
Sex cells
2
8 (PMAT,
PMAT)
4
Half (cells are
haploid)
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• A gamete = a sex cell (sperm or egg)
• Gametes are haploid.
• Sperm are produced via spermatogenesis.
• Eggs are produced via oogenesis.
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• Crossing over is the exchange of DNA between
homologous chromosomes.
• It occurs during Prophase 1 of meiosis.
• You have a picture of crossing over on your
study guide.
15
• DNA is in the nucleus in eukaryotes (in the
cytoplasm in prokaryotes).
• RNA can be in both the nucleus and the
cytoplasm.
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• 3 parts of a nucleotide = Phosphate, sugar and
a nitrogen base.
• The drawing is already labeled.
17
• DNA nitrogen bases:
•
•
•
•
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
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• Chargaff’s rule:
• A with T and…
• C with G
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• Given: ATGCCGT
• Asked: TACGGCA
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• DNA is a double helix (“twisted ladder”.)
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• Watson and Crick
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• During DNA replication, a copy of the DNA is
made.
– Each new copy is made of one original strand and
one new strand.
• This is called semi-conservative replication.
22 continued…
23
• 1.) The DNA separates (due to enzymes)
• 2.) The two strands are copied.
24
• SKIP this question…
25
• Adenine -- Uracil
• Guanine -- Cytosine
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• ATGGTCA – “DNA strand - given”
• UACCAGU – “complementary mRNA strand”
27
• Messenger RNA = C
• Transfer RNA = A
• Ribosomal RNA = B
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• During transcription, mRNA is made from a
section of DNA.
• It happens in the nucleus
– WHY???
29
• During translation, a protein is made by the
ribosome.
– The ribosome reads the mRNA message and
makes the protein.
• This happens at a ribosome (either in the
cytoplasm or attached to the E.R.).
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• codon
31
• 20 different amino acids are possible
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• Proteins:
– Build muscles and bones
– Provide ways for cells to communicate with other
cells.
– Serve as enzymes
– Function as antibodies
– Serve as channels for substances to enter the cell
• Facilitated diffusion (a type of passive transport)
– Serve as pumps to move things in and out of the cell
(Active transport)
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• Missense = one codon is changed, resulting in
a different amino acid being
produced. (GUA  GGA)
• Nonsense = a change in a codon causes a stop
codon to be produced. (CGA  UGA)
• Insertion = an extra base is added to the DNA
sequence.
• Deletion = a base is deleted from the DNA
sequence.
• Duplication = an copy of a sequence of DNA is
added to the same DNA strand.
34
• Point mutations only affect one codon.
• Frameshift mutation affect all codons in the
DNA strand after the mutation.
• Remember: THE FAT CAT WAS MAD.
35
• Mendel was the first person to scientifically
study inheritance.
• He is considered the “Father of Genetics”.
36
• He studied pea plants.
• Why:
– 1.) They reproduce sexually by self-pollination.
– This allowed Mendel to control what traits he was testing for.
– 2.) They were easy to grow, easy to maintain and
were easy to obtain.
37
• Homozygous
38
• Heterozygous
39
• Dominant
40
• Recessive
41
• The genetic make up of an organism
– You cannot “see” this, but you can infer it.
42
• The physical trait coded for by the alleles.
– You can see this.
43
• Your Parents = P generation
• You = F1 generation
• Your kids = F2 generation
44
• B= black; b= brown
• a.) BB = homozygous black
• b.) bb = homozygous brown
• c.) Bb = heterozygous black
45
• Tt x Tt
T
t
T
TT
Tt
t
Tt
tt
• Phenotypic ratio = 3 tall: 1 short
• Genotypic ratio = 1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt
46
• Law of Segregation:
– Alleles separate during gamete formation.
• Law of Independent Assortment:
– Essentially…just because you are dominant for
one trait does not mean you will be dominant for
all other traits, too.
47
• Female = XX
• Male = XY
48
• Incomplete dominance is an inheritance
pattern where two dominant phenotypes
blend together to produce a new phenotype.
• Example: Red flowers + Yellow flowers =
Orange flowers
Orange is a NEW phenotype (it’s not red and it’s not
yellow…it’s orange.)
49
• Codominance is where two dominant
phenotypes combine to produce a striped or
spotted heterozygous phenotype.
• Examples: Chic-fil-A cows.
50
• Sex linked traits are traits carried on the X
chromosome.
• Examples:
– Hemophilia;
– green vs blue eye color;
– some muscular dystrophies;
– colorblindness
51
• A polygenic trait is a trait controlled by more
than one gene.
– It allows for a lot of variance in the phenotype.
• Example: Human skin color; Human height
52
• A mutation is any change in an organism’s
DNA.
• 4 Causes:
– UV radiation
– X-rays
– Viruses
– Certain chemicals
53
• A karyotype is a picture of a person’s
chromosomes.
• It is used by doctors before a baby is born to
determine if the baby will have any genetic
disorders.
54
• Skip this question…
55
• Nondisjunction is a problem in meiosis
whereby the daughter cells do not get the
right number of chromosomes.
• Cause: failure of chromosomes to separate
during anaphase.
56
• A.) Extra chromosome 21 = Down Syndrome
• B.) missing X chromosome = Turner’s syndrome
(female, 45X0)
Domain IV
Ecology
EOCT Review pages 13-17
1
• Ecology:
– The study of the interactions among organisms
and their environment.
2
• All areas on earth where life exists.
– Entire Earth + all Biomes.
3
• Abiotic = non-living
• Biotic = living
4
• Biotic:
– animals, plants, bacteria, fungi
• Abiotic:
– rocks, soil, climate, precipitation, weather
5
• Species  population  community 
Ecosystem  Biome  biosphere
6
• Population = all members of same species in
an area.
• Community = many different populations in an
area.
• Ecosystem = all communities and the abiotic
factors that affect them.
• Biome = area of Earth with similar ecosystems
and similar dominant species.
7
• Habitat = where an organism lives.
• Niche = the organism’s role in the habitat.
8
• Competition = two organisms trying to get
same resources or mates .
• Predation = one organism hunting, killing and
eating another organism (the
prey)
9
• Mutualism = both species benefit
• Commensalism = one species benefits and the
other one is neither
helped nor harmed.
• Parasitism = one species benefits by harming
(but not intentionally killing)
the other.
10
Organism
Energy Source
Example
Producer
Sun
Plants; some bacteria
Herbivore
Producers
Cow, sheep, rabbit, shrimp
Omnivore
Producers and consumers
Bears; humans
Carnivore
Consumers
Dead organisms
Wolves, Lions, sharks
Decomposer
Fungi and bacteria
11
• Answers will vary…
12
• The sun and decomposers
13
• A food web is more complex and is made of
many food chains.
• It shows all of the different interactions in an
ecosystem.
14
• The sun
15
• Level 1 = producer
• Level 2 = primary consumers
• Level 3 = secondary consumers
• Level 4 = tertiary consumer
• Level 5 = quaternary consumer
16
• Only 10% of the energy at any trophic level
can passed to another organism.
• The other 90% is lost as heat.
17
• Results will vary…
18a
• Carbon is taken in by plants to produce glucose
in a process called photosynthesis. The glucose
molecule is then broken down for energy by
heterotrophs during a process called cellular
Respiration, in which CO₂ is released to be taken
in by plants again. Carbon is also put into the
atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels.
Decomposers release carbon back into the
ecosystem by breaking down dead organisms
whose cells contain carbon.
18b - Nitrogen
• Nitrogen gas makes up about 68% of our
atmosphere, but it is not useable in this form.
Bacteria perform a process called Nitrogen
fixation which is a process that “fixs” nitorgen
into a useable form for organisms. This entire
process requires BACTERIA.
18c - Phosphorus
• Phosphorus is put into the soil and used by
plants by the eroding of rock materials. The
process is the SLOWEST of all the nutrient
cycles, because it takes so long for rocks to be
eroded by water.
18d - Water Cycle
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Evaporation
Transpiration
Condensation
Precipitation
Run Off
Seepage (ground water)
Starts all over
19
• Nutrients need to be transferred
among members of a food web.
• In order for the nutrients to be
returned to the soil for producers
to use again, the decomposers
must recycle the nutrients.
20. Ecological Succession
• After a disaster such as lava flow,
tornado, flooding, fire or receding of
a glacier, the ecosystem must be
rebuilt. The process of re-growth
happens in a logical order called
succession.
21.
• Both end in a mature ecosystem called a
climax community. The main difference is how
they begin. Primary starts on bare land, often
after a volcanic eruption or receding of a
glacier. There is no soil in Primary succession
and thus a pioneer species must come first.
Often this pioneer species is lichens that can
grow on rock. Secondary succession occurs
when soil is left such as after a farm has been
abandoned or a tornado.
22.
•
•
•
•
Tornado
Fire
Flooding
Clear cutting
23.
• Pioneer species are the first organisms to
inhabit an area. They prepare the
environment for other species to grow.
• Lichen = primary successions
• Grass = secondary succession
24.
• The final most mature ecosystem
that results at the end of either
primary or secondary succession.
25.
• Factors that change as the result of
the number of organisms inhabiting
an area.
• They only affect large populations!
26.
• Competition (for food, mating, territory,
or shelter)
• Disease
• Predation
• Parasitism
27.
• Factors that are not affected by the
number of organisms or individuals in an
area, but still impact the carrying
capacity of that area.
• Affects all populations equally!
28.
• Human Impact
• Weather conditions
• Disasters
29
• See Board
30.
• Exponential growth is the sudden
and rapid
• Logistic growth slows down as
resources run out and the population
reaches carrying capacity.
31
• Carrying capacity is the number of individuals
that a certain area can support due to limited
resources.
32
33
THREAT
CAUSE
POSSIBLE RESULT
Greenhouse effect
Gases in the atmosphere
trapping heat. The gases
are methane, CO2 and H20
Increased temperature on
Earth; melting of glaciers;
increased ocean levels;
death of organisms
Acid Rain
Pollution from burning
fossil fuels.
Death of producers in land
and aquatic environments
Ozone Depletion
CFCs from aerosols
Increased UV rays reaching
the Earth’s surface.
Air Pollution
Burning
Illnesses
Water Pollution
Chemicals and human
waste
Death of organisms;
poisoning of drinking water
Soil depletion
Erosion
Stripping land of nutrients
Habitat destruction
Human activities
Death of organisms
34
Non-renewable Resource
•A resource that can only be used once.
Renewable Resource
•A resource that can be used over and
over again and not be depleted.
•It cannot be remade at a rate that is
useful for human life.
•The earth might make more, but it
takes millions of years.
Fossil fuels
Wind
Water
Wood
35
• A.) Phototropism = plants respond to light
• B.) Thigmotropism = plants respond to touch.
• C.) Gravitropism (aka: Geotropism) = plants
respond to gravity.
• D.) Hydrotropism = plants roots search for
water underground.
36
• The only one you need to know is ethylene:
– It is a natural plant hormone that causes fruit to
ripen.
– Grocery stores spray this on fruits and vegetables
to make them ripen faster.
37
• Only two you need to know:
– Xylem
• Tissue that moves water within a plant
– Phloem
• Tissue that moves sugars within a plant
38
• A.) tearing meat
• B.) to hear threats from all around.
• C.) swimming
• D.) camouflage
• E.) breaking down the cell walls in the plant matter they
eat.
• F.) to see predators from far off.
39
• Refer to the BIOME note sheet you were given
in class.
– It was a two sided sheet with all biomes listed and
information about each.
Domain V
Evolution
EOCT Review pages 18-19
1
• 4.6 Billion years ago
2
• The remains of ancient life.
3
• Skip this question
4
• Animals die; layers of silt deposit over them;
the pressure from the silt helps to form fossils
over time.
5
• Evolution is the change in organisms over
time.
6
• Population genetics: The study of the genetic
sequences in a population.
• Adaptations: Any characteristic that aids an organism in
survival and/or reproduction.
• Speciation: the evolution of new species
• Fitness – the likelihood that an organism will survive and
reproduce in its environment.
• Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a species.
7
• A.) Lyell gave Darwin the evidence that natural
processes that occurred in the past could still be
occurring today.
• B.) Malthus made observations about how
limited resources lead to struggles for survival.
Darwin applied this to all organisms.
• C.) Wallace and Darwin were both studying
evolution at the same time.
8
• Lamarck believed that organisms could
acquire characteristics during their lifetimes
and pass those characteristics on to their
offspring.
• He was wrong.
9
• He was wrong.
• While organisms can aquire characteristics
during their lifetimes through use and disuse,
they cannot pass these characteristics on to
their offspring.
10
• Darwin stated that organisms born with
characteristics that make them more likely to
survive and reproduce (i.e., more fit) will
survive and reproduce more than those who
lack the characteristic.
• Future generations will look like the survivors.
11
• He went all around the world.
• He saw varieties of different organisms in
similar ecosystems.
• He collected specimen for analysis and
comparision.
12
• He noticed:
– 1.) Organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive.
– 2.) Members of populations have natural differences in
phenotypes.
– 3.) He hypothesized that organisms with adaptations that make
them more likely to survive and reproduce in an environment
will survive and pass those traits on to their offspring.
– 4.) He concluded that the future generations will be made of the
offspring of the most fit organisms, and therefore exhibit those
traits.
13.)
• Geographic isolation.
14
• A.) this is where related organisms develop different
traits due to living in different ecosystems.
• Ex: Horses and Tapirs; elephants and manatees.
• B.) this is where two unrelated organisms develop
similar adaptations due to living in a similar ecosystem.
– Ex: sharks and dolphins look similar.
• C.) This is when the evolution of one species drives the
evolution of another species.
– Example: lions and zebras.
15
• A.) This shows how ancient life looked and allows us to determine
the age of organisms.
• B.) This shows relatedness among organisms due to similar body
structures.
• C.) this shows how organisms have changed over time.
• D.) This allows scientists to compare living organisms to determine
relatedness.
• E.) Organisms on the same continent tent to be more closely
related to each other than to organisms on other continents.
16
• It is a measure of how able an organism is at
surviving and reproducing in its environment.
17
• This allows them to blend in, hide and ambush
prey.
18
• Click this link:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jBD8xfbf4Y
19.
• 1.) Mutations
• 2.) Gene shuffling
• Principle of segregation
• Crossing over
20
• Skip this question
21
• Gradualism is slow, steady change over time.
• Punctuated equilibrium is long periods of
stability with periodic episodes of speciation.
• See next slide…
21 continued.