Transcript Concepts in Animal Welfare

Module 11
模組11
Interaction with other
ethical concerns
其它的倫理議題
This module will enable you to
本模組將使您能夠
• Understand how concern for people and
animals can be integrated了解如何整合人與
動物之關懷
• Be familiar with basic concepts in
environmental ethics認識環境倫理的基本概念
• Understand the relationships between
conservation and animal welfare ethics了解保
育與動物福利倫理
• Be able to debate the ethics of veterinary
treatment of wild animals能夠辯論獸醫對野生
動物醫療倫理
People before animals?
人在動物之前？
• If resources are
limited, can we afford
to care about animals
when people suffer?如果資
源不足,當人類受苦時是否
仍有能力照顧動物?
• What should our
priorities be?優先次序如何?
• Is it immoral to waste
resources on animals?如果
把資源浪費在動物身上是否
不道德?
People before animals?
人優先動物
Case study: the RSPCA
皇家動物防虐協會案例分析
• RSPCA in UK is one of the earliest animal
welfare societies 英國的皇家動物防虐協會
RSPCA是全世界最早的動物福利組織
• Formed before the equivalent society for
children 比兒童福利組織要更早成立
• People involved were social reformers across
a range of issues 那個時代有一連串的社會改
造議題,包括奴隸,童工等
Case study (continued)
RSPCA案例研究(續)
• Concern for animals and people 動物與人合併關心
• Drinking troughs and water fountains 飲水槽(牛飲水用)與噴水槽
(人飲水用)
RSPCA water trough in Lewes, UK協會在英國路易斯
之水槽
‘Open thy mouth for the dumb’ ’ 為啞巴開口。(譯註：
路易斯在英格蘭南區；你當為啞巴(不能自辯的)開口
聖經箴言
People before animals:
Great Chain of Being?
人優先動物：生命的長鏈?
• Is there a sliding scale
of moral concern for
different species?是否
有一個關懷各物種道德
地位的下降標尺
• Place on scale depends
on mental complexity根
據動物思想的複雜度排
列道德的地位
• May justify putting all
people before all
animals?可否將所有人
類放在所有動物之上?
People before animals:
A sliding scale of moral concern?
人優先動物:階梯的道德考慮
• Sliding scale is different from the ‘equal consideration of
equal interests’ 階梯的標尺異於”利益的平等思考”
• Equal consideration suggests similar interests deserve
similar attention whatever the species “平等思考”主張無
論何物種, 相似的利益應有相似的關懷
• Sliding scale devalues all animals’ interests on the basis
of species membership 階梯標尺的做法是站在物種角度,
將所有動物之利益去價值化
• Human prejudice? Speciesism? 人的歧視?物種主義?
• Lesser evils, greater evils 對人的大害可以忽視對動物小
害
People before animals: Lifeboats
人優先動物:生命之船
• Is all of life always in
‘the lifeboat’? 是否所有的生命
一直都在”生命之船”內?
• We are not always
competing for limited
resources 我們並非總是必須
要對有限的資源爭奪
• There may be different ways
of solving problems of limited
resources 應該有許多解決資
源不足的方法
• Compassion: a magic liquid?
關愛: 魔術水?
A case for indirect moral status?
間接道德地位的例子？
• Should we be concerned for animals
because of the effects on humans?
我們是否應該站在對人的影響下思考動
物的事
• A form of indirect moral worth
間接道德的形式
Animal cruelty and crimes against
humans
虐待動物與害人之罪行
• Kindness to animals might result in
kindness to humans
對動物善良會導致對人善良
• Cruelty to animals might result in cruelty to
humans 對動物殘忍可能導致對人殘忍
• Many studies identify animal mistreatment
as first sign of later criminal behaviour
towards humans 很多研究顯示對動物殘忍
是日後對人犯罪行為之前兆
Empathy 同理心
• Emotional effect of witnessing another’s
emotion 同理心是目擊他人之情緒後, 對自
己情緒的影響
• Some correlation between empathy for
animals and empathy for people 對動物的
同理心與對人的同理心有某些相關性
• Humane education 人道教育
Animals AND people
動物與人
• Animals and people sharing
common interests
動物與人分享共同之利益
• Domestic animals in a symbiotic
relationship with man: mutual
benefit
家畜與人是一個共生的狀態: 互利
• Enlightened self-interest
對自我利益的覺醒
• Another form of indirect moral
concern 另一個形式的間接道德
關懷
Animals AND people: examples
動物與人: 舉例
• The taxi owner
depends on the
horse for his living
馬計程車車主靠這
匹馬生活
• It makes sense for
him to look after
his horse well 因此
善待該馬是有道理
的
Animals AND people: examples
動物與人: 舉例
• Has the mutual
relationship
between people
and animals
broken down in
some cases?
– Intensive farming?
在此例中人與動物之互動關係中在哪裡被破壞
了？
－集約飼養
Animals AND people: examples
動物與人舉例
• Is pet-keeping good for humans? 養寵物有益於人?
– Cardiovascular health effects 對心血管健康有效
– Protection against loneliness 避免孤獨
– Facilitate human contact 有助於人與人之接觸
• HOWEVER, are animals looked after properly?
但是動物是否適當被照顧?
• Animal-assisted therapy
動物輔助治療
Animals AND people: examples
動物與人舉例
• Animal advocates often
argue that we should
become vegetarian for
the animals’ sakes 動物
擁護者通常主張為動物
而吃素
• Arguments for
vegetarianism from
human perspectives
(social justice,
environment)從人類的
社會正義提倡吃素之論
述
Environmental ethics 環境倫理學
5.All mammals
所有哺乳類
2.My family
我家
3.My
compatriots
同胞
4.All
humans
全人類
1.ME
我
6.All living
things
所有生物
7.The world?
全世界?
Introduction to environmental ethics 1
環境倫理學介紹1
• Human-centred
environmental ethics
人類中心環境倫理
– Only humans have
intrinsic worth
僅人有內在價值
– Other species have
worth due to their
utility to humans其他
物種之價值視對人類
的利用價值而定
Introduction to environmental ethics 2
環境倫理學介紹2
• Sentience-centred ethics
感覺中心倫理學
– Only sentient animals have intrinsic
worth
僅有感覺的動物有內在價值
– An insufficient extension of traditional
ethics?傳統倫理學的延伸不足？
Introduction to environmental ethics 3
環境倫理學介紹3
• Life-centred ethics 生命中心倫理
– All living things have intrinsic moral
worth
所有有生命的都有內在價值
– ‘Reverence for Life’ “尊重生命”
– Do even plants have interests and
welfare? 植物是否有道德地位與福利?
Introduction to environmental ethics 4
環境倫理學介紹4
• Environment-centred ethics
環境中心倫理學
– Not just individuals but ‘wholes’ count
整體考量而非個體考量
– Encompasses respect for biodiversity
包含尊重生物多樣性
– Must ‘preserve integrity, stability and
beauty of biotic community’ 必須要維
護整體,安定,與美麗的生物社區
The environment and animals
環境與動物
• Concern for animals and the
environment have much in
common
關心動物與環境的共同性
• Animals are part of the
environment
動物是環境的一部分
• Example: people
campaigning against
whaling because of: 例:人因二
項理由發動反對捕鯨運動
– Animal welfare 動物福利
– Effect on ecosystem 對生
態系統的影響
Eco-centric ethics and animal ethics –
differences
環境中心倫理學與動物倫理學差異
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unlike animal ethics, eco-centric ethics shows little
concern for captive animals 異於動物倫理,環境倫理對
圈養動物不關心
Eco-centric ethics is concerned about more than just
sentient animals 環境倫理超越動物知覺之議題
Animal ethics is concerned with pain and death,
sometimes seen as essential parts of the life process
動物倫理重視痛與死亡,有時被視為生命過程必要部份
Eco-centric ethics is more concerned with systems or
structures than individuals 環境倫理重視系統或構造勝
過每一個個體
Environmental VERSUS animal ethics examples
環境倫理對動物倫理舉例
• Feral goats shot to protect
rare plant species
射殺野山羊保護稀有植物
• Capture and translocation
programmes to reintroduce
species to ecosystems
捕捉與移走以重新引入物種
至生態系統
• Captive breeding for
endangered species
圈養育種瀕臨絕種之物種
Ethics of treating wild animals
對待野生動物之倫理學
• Welfare of animals in nature often poor
野生動物在自然的環境中通常很可憐
• ‘Natural’ not necessarily good benchmark
for captive animal welfare
對圈飼之動物福利而言，”自然”並非充分之
基本點
• What should we do about wild animal
welfare? 野生動物之福利應該怎麼做？
Wild animals
Arguments against treating them
野生動物
反對治療之論述
• Too many individual wild animals suffer daily—it’s
impossible to make a difference
太多受苦的野生動物－不可能有所改變
• Lack of knowledge & expertise 知識與專家不足
• Unpredictable consequences of altering ecosystems
改變生態系統會有預想不到的後果
• Interfering with natural selection 影響天擇
• Stress of treatment and captivity 治療與圈養的緊迫
• Unknown or low survival rate 生存率不明或甚低
Wild animals
Arguments for treating them
治療野生動物的論述
• Can enhance knowledge 可增進知識
• Can enhance respect for environment
可更尊重環境
• Can be successful => improve welfare
可能成功並因而增進野生動物福利
• Treatment of endangered species
治療瀕臨絕種物種
• Compensate for human acts acts
補償人類捕殺破壞的生態
Wild animals: Stewardship?
野生動物: 應有的管理職責?
• Should we treat wild animals where we have been
responsible for the problem and try to avoid creating
problems for wild animals? 在我們對問題有責任以及
嘗試避免對野生動物製造問題之地區，是否應該治療
野生動物？
• Through global climate change and environmental
pollution, have we already interfered everywhere?
全球氣候之改變是否已經表示我們已經在到處干預了?
Conclusions 結論
• The interests of animals and people have
much in common動物與人的利益有共同之處
• Environmental and animal ethics have much
in common, but important differences too
環境與動物倫理有相同處也有極大之差異
• The veterinary treatment of wild animals
raises important ethical issues
獸醫治療野生動物產生了很大的倫理問題
Further Reading
• BUDIANSKY, S., 1992: The Covenant of the Wild: Why Animals
Choose Domestication. William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0517114860
• DEGRAZIA, D., 2002: Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction.
Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192853600
• DESJARDINS, J.R., 1997: Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to
Environmental Philosophy. 2nd Ed. ISBN 0534505082
• KEAN, H., 1998: Animal Rights. Political and Social Change in
Britain since 1800. Reaktion Books Ltd. ISBN 1861890141.
Further Reading
• FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION 2006: Livestock’s
Long Shadow. Environmental issues and options. 408 pp. Rome:
FAO. Available from:
http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.
pdf
• MEPHAM, B., 1996: Food Ethics. Routledge. ISBN 0415124522
• PODBERSCEK, A.L., PAUL, E.S. AND SERPELL, J.A., (Eds.) 2000:
Companion Animals and Us: Exploring the Relationships between
People and Pets. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521631130.
• SAPONTZIS, S.F.: Morals, Reason and Animals. Philadelphia:
Temple University Press. ISBN 0877224935