Transcript Looking Back at Prerequisites

Looking Back at Prerequisites
Science: a methodical approach
to the acquisition of knowledge
Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world!
Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask!
Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question
Prediction: If the hypothesis is true…
then the dependent variable will respond…
when I manipulate the independent variable.
Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatment
Compare the response to an unmanipulated control
Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical error
Type 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H
Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis
Looking Back at Prerequisites
Biology: the Study of Life
What are the fundamental properties of life?
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution
Looking Back at Prerequisites
Biology is multidimensional
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
This array is an example of what dimension?
Levels of Organization
What fields of biology are at each extreme?
Biochemistry and Biophysics
In this course our focus will be upon…
These levels but only
in reference to plants
Looking Back at Prerequisites
Classification
Domain
Prokarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Kingdom
Bacteria
Protista
Or Plantae
Plantae
Cyanophyta
Chlorophyta
Anthophyta
Magnoliophyta
Class
Prochlorophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Dicotyledonae
Order
Prochlorales
Ulvales
Rosales
Family
Prochlorococcaceae
Ulvaceae
Rosaceae
Genus
Prochlorococcus
Ulva
Rosa
Species
P. marinus
U. lactuca
R. multiflora
Common
MED4
Sea lettuce
Wild Rose
Phylum
The species name is a Latin binomial
Dead Language
Universally known
The Genus name and a specific epithet
Example: Brassica oleracea
mustard of the garden
Sometimes the binomial is not good enough!
So we add a Latin variety name as well
(also known as subspecies)
Several examples of members of species Brassica oleracea
Cabbage:
Brassica oleracea capitata
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.blueoniondesign.com/blog/cabbage.jpg
Kale:
Brassica oleracea acephala
http://www.hilltopfarms.org/images/kale.jpg
Brussels sprouts:
Brassica oleracea gemmifera
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.vegetables.pe.kr/vegetablesgallery/leaf_vegetables/images/brussels%20sprouts_prince%20marvel.jpg
Kohlrabi:
Brassica oleracea caulorapa
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.hrt.msu.edu/course/HRT204L/VEG_ID/kohlrabi.jpg
Broccoli:
Brassica oleracea italica
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.cloverseed.com.hk/web_clover_c/broccoli/broccoli_monterey.jpg
Cauliflower:
Brassica oleracea botrytis
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://green-acres.org/images/products/cauliflower.jpg
Brassica oleracea capitata
‘King Slaw’
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
cultivar names in
home language and
in single quotes
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
‘Two Seasons Hybrid’
‘Earliana’
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
‘Salad Delight’
http://www.burpee.com/jump.jsp?itemID=219&itemType=CATEGORY&iMainCat=13&iSubCat=219
How many species are there?
What is a species?
Animal species concept…
if offspring are fertile then same species…
does not apply among species of other
kingdoms:
Prokaryotes (no sex)
Algae (sex sometimes unknown)
Allopolyploidy in plants
Lumpers
Shifting Kingdoms
Splitters
2
3
5
6
8
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Extant
How Long Ago?
Land!
Plants
Multicellular
0.5
1
cyanobacterial
endosymbiosis
Extinct
First Eukaryotes
2
Cyanobacterial Oxygen 3
Origin of Life
Original Cell
4 BYBP
The Plant Kingdom Phylogeny
Plesiomorphies - (but synapomorphies in clade)
•Eukaryotic flagella
•Chloroplast: double bounding membrane
•Chloroplast: thylakoids in stacks
•Chlorophyll a and b
•Starch for storage
•RuBisCO small subunit gene now in nucleus
•rRNA sequence unique to clade
The Plant Kingdom Clade
unique flagellum, phycoplast
open spindle, phragmoplast
-eyespot
oogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmata
embryo, cuticle,
apical growth
protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores
Chlorophyta—green algae
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Bryophyta—mosses
stomata
true vascular, branching
heterospory
true root, true leaf
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
monopodial branching
heterospory
heterospory
pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds
Pterophyta—ferns
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
-flagella
Coniferophyta—conifers
vessels
reduced gametophyte
flowers, fruits
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Anthophyta—flowering plants
The Plant Kingdom Clade: Viridiplantae
Chlorophyta—green algae
Streptobionta
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Embryophytes
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Stomatophytes
Bryophyta—mosses
Polysporangiates
Tracheophytes
heterospory
Euphyllophytina
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
Pterophyta—ferns
Ligniophytina
Spermatophytes
Gymnosperms
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
Coniferophyta—conifers
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Angiosperms
Anthophyta—flowering plants
Why Study Plants?
Ancient Earth with Continents
Ancient Oceans with Dissolved Molecules
Ancient Atmosphere with Weather
N2 - Nitrogen
H2O - Water Vapor
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
CO - Carbon Monoxide
CH4 - Methane Gas
NH3 - Ammonia Gas
H2 - Hydrogen Gas
H2S - Hydrogen Sulfide Gas
Notice one gas is missing…O2 - Oxygen Gas
Anaerobic!
A Timeline for Planet Earth
First
Algae
0.003 bybp
Eukaryote Inverts
Australopithecus
0.5 bybp
1.5
28 kybp
Now Homo
Photosynthesis
Dinosaurs sapiens
By Cyanobacteria
Earth
First
Formed
3.5 Life 2.5
4.5
CO2
CH2O
O2 +
+ H2O
carbon dioxide water chlorophyll oxygen carbohydrate
Aerobic Atmosphere
Allows Our Kind of Life
FeS - Iron sulfide Earth oxidizes to red color
Atmosphere converts UV to Blue sky!
Why Study Plants?
Because Plants Are Sources Of…
light
CO2 + H2O
O2 + CH2O
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
2. Ozone
•
•
•
•
UVC light
UVB light
3 O2
2 O3
3 O2
<200nm
200-320nm
oxygen
ozone
oxygen
The ozone from oxygen absorbs the most-damaging UV light.
The oxygen-ozone cycle serves as Earth’s sunscreen!
UVA (320-400nm) does reach Earth’s surface and causes sunburn and aging.
You still need to use your sunscreen and sunglasses!
Why Study Plants?
Because Plants Are Sources Of…
light
CO2 + H2O
O2 + CH2O
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms
2. Ozone
9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics
3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat!
10. Flavors, Fragrances
4. Wood - Paper - Rayon
11. Decoration - Landscaping
5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp
12. Occupations - Advancement
6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4
 Plastics, Drugs, Electricity
7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic
Why Study Plants?
Because Plants Are Sources Of…
light
CO2 + H2O
O2 + CH2O
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms
2. Ozone
9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics
3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat!
10. Flavors, Fragrances
4. Wood - Paper - Rayon
11. Decoration - Landscaping
5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp
12. Occupations - Advancement
6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4
13. Decrease Greenhouse Gas
 Plastics, Drugs, Electricity
14. Drain Wet Soils
7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic 15. Provide Shade
Why Study Plants?
Plants are sources of…
•Oxygen
•Medicines
•Ozone
•Latex
•Food
•Resins
•Wood and Paper
•Decoration
•Fossil Fuel
•Occupations
•Fiber
•Carbon dioxide sink
•Flavors and Fragrances •Shade