Transcript Bacteria - Eubacteria

Bacteria - Eubacteria
Domain Prokarya
Lumpers
Shifting
Kingdoms
Plantae Monera Bacteria-Eubacteria Splitters
2
3
5
6
8
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
8
5
3
Extinct
2
1
Original Cell
Bacteria - Eubacteria
• Ancient fossils 3.5 billion years b.p.
• Archetype for prokaryotic organisms
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Phototrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Heterotrophs
Saprobes
Parasites (bacteria benefit, host harmed)
Commensals (bacteria benefit, host unharmed)
Mutualists (bacteria and host both benefit)
• Unicellular, colonial, filamentous
• Bacillus, coccus, spirillum
Cell Sizes
Mycoplasma 0.3-0.8 µm
E. coli 1x2 µm
Cyanobacteria 10 µm diam
Plant Cell 30x75 µm
Obviously eukaryotic
Nucleus present
Mitochondrion  Bacterium
Chloroplast  Cyanobacterium
Cell Shapes
Coccus - cocci
Bacillus - bacillus
Spirillum - spirilli
Vibrio - vibrios
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http://www.up.ac.za/academic/electron/bacteria.jpg
Leptospira
http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/02142002/00001/PHIL_138.tif
http://www.designthatmatters.org/proto_portfolio/cholera_treatment/multimedia/vibrio_cholerae.jpg
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Vibrio cholerae
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Helicobacter pylori
http://helico.gsnu.ac.kr/
Cell Associations
Coccus
Diplococcus
Streptococcus - filamentous
Staphylococcus - colonial
?
Streptobacillus
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http://www.hhs.gov/asphep/presentation/images/bacteria.jpg
Cell Structure: Boundary
Mycoplasma
cytosol
cell membrane bilayer
lipopolysaccharide
transport proteins
regulates input/output
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
cell wall-murein
peptidoglycan
muramic acid - peptide
prevents bursting
turgor pressure
penicillin sensitive
additional
membrane bilayer
releases dye
lipopolysaccharide
Cell Structure: Boundary Defenses
Capsule or Sheath
mucoid polysaccharides
cell adhesion
chemical resistance - defense
desiccation resistance
Endospore
spore coat + DNA + other materials
exterior may be lost
frozen for long periods
boiled for long periods
desiccated for long periods
then germinates to new cell
Bacillus anthracis
?
?
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http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell91.gif
Cell Structure: Movement
hook
basal rings
and rod
anchorage
rotation
directional rotation?
stiff helical flagellum
flagellin protein
is rotated by “motor apparatus”
in the membrane by H+ ATPase
at rates of 200-1700 rps
(>12,000 rpm!)
Exceptions:
myxomycetes, some cyanobacteria use slime, but how?
spirochetes have flexible internal microtubules
(endosymbiotic source of flagella in eukaryotes?)
((gut parasite in termites have spirochete symbiosis))
Taxis:
movement toward stimulus
phototaxis:
movement toward light
chemotaxis:
movement to chemicals
Lophotrichous: flagella found at one end of the cell
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http://msucares.com/lawn/tree_diseases/images/bacteria.gif
Amphitrichous: flagella at both ends (but not many on sides)
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http://www.biophysics.uwa.edu.au/STAWA/scans/40540a.jpg
Peritrichous: flagella all around cell
http://www.biophysics.uwa.edu.au/STAWA/scans/40545a.jpg
Prokaryotic Growth
• Cells are generally very small
• Cells may double in size but only before binary
fission
• Growth mostly in terms of cell number or colony
size, etc.
• Doubling time in cell numbers may be 20 minutes
in ideal conditions
• Could quickly take over the earth if conditions
could remain ideal
• Very competitive in ideal environments
• Ultimate survivors - 3.5 billion years!
Cell Structure: Nucleoid
Nucleoid - genome
one circular DNA molecule
no histone protein association
attached to cell membrane
transcription by RNA polymerase
replication by DNA polymerase
separation of chromosomes
cytokinesis by furrowing
70S Ribosome
rRNA + protein + ribozymes
translation of mRNA into protein
Process called binary fission
NOT mitosis!
•Genome and copy are identical
•Genome is haploid
•There is no synapsis
•There is no recombination
nucleoids
initial furrowing
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http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020722/full/020722-11.html
furrowing complete