Transcript Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition

We all have to eat!!
Autotrophic Nutrition

Plants, some monerans & protists
Make organic compounds from
inorganic raw materials
Process: Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

Light energy  Chemical energy
Chloroplasts & chlorophyll (green pigment) in
cell do this
Photosynthesis

Light trapped by chlorophyll – causes CO2
& H2O to convert to simple sugars & O2
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Uses light & enzymes
Photosynthesis

Two steps– light reaction & dark
reaction
Light reaction requires
light to work
Dark does not
Factors for Reaction Rate

Light color – green is reflected, not absorbed
Light intensity – inc intensity, inc
photosynthesis (to a point)
Extreme temp. – below 0°C & above 35°C,
enzymes are denatured
Water – shortage will decrease rate
Adaptations for photosynthesis

Adaptations for photosynthesis

Large surface area for light absorption
Outer cell layers of leaf (epidermis) and
waxy covering (cuticle) function to:
1)Protect internal layers of leaf from
excess water loss
2)Resistance to fungi invasion
3)Protection from injury
Adaptations for
photosynthesis

Stomates – opening in leaf
Size
regulated
by guard
cells
Allow exchange
of CO2, H2O, and
O2 between
external air and
air spaces in leaf

Adaptations for
photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in
palisade layer – found under the
upper epidermis
Spongy layer –where
exchange & circulation
of gases takes place
Adaptations for
photosynthesis

Chloroplasts found in palisade layer,
spongy layer, & guard cells
Heterotrophic Nutrition

1) INGESTION: Food is first
mechanically broken down –
tearing, chewing
Increases surface area
Enzymatic hydrolysis makes larger
molecules smaller
Heterotrophic Nutrition

2) DIGESTION:
Carbohydrates  simple sugars
Lipids  fatty acids & glycerol
Proteins  amino acids
3) EGESTION: removal of undigested
waste
Human Digestive
System

Continuous, one-way tract
Food moved through
by slow, rhythmic
contractions –
peristalsis
1) Oral Cavity

Ingestion of food
Teeth, tongue, salivary gland openings
2) Esophagus

After swallowing, food moves here
2) Esophagus

Peristalsis moves food into stomach
3) Stomach

Secrete HCl – makes best pH for
hydrolysis by gastric protease
This is the empty stomach of a dog
View from inside
the stomach
Food leaving
the stomach
4) Small Intestine

Long, twisty tube
ALL digestion finishes
here
Inside
the small
intestine
Accessory Organ –
4a & 4b)Liver & Gallbladder

Liver – produces bile
Gallbladder - stores & secretes bile
Bile emulsifies fats (increases surface
area) in small intestine
Accessory Organ –
4c)Pancreas

Secretes enzymes – intestinal protease,
lipase, amylase
Helps break down carbos, lipids, and
proteins
food (lipid)
gastric juice
pancreatic fluid (bicarbonate)
pancreatic enzyme (lipase)
bile juice
gall bladder
stomach
duodenum
pancreas
Villi increase surface area for absorption
5) Large Intestine

Undigested food (waste) & water enter
here
Water is absorbed
Digestive Malfunctions

Ulcer
Erosion of surface of alimentary canal
Constipation
Too much water is absorbed
Solid waste is hardened
Digestive Malfunctions

Diarrhea
Not enough water absorption
combined with increased peristalsis
Multiple, increased, watery feces
Digestive Malfunctions

Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
Gallstones
Accumulation of hardened cholesterol
deposits in gall bladder