Transcript Unit 2 Notes: Ecology

Ecology
1
Lesson Objectives Bio 2.1 and Bio 2.2
Bio 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2
• Bio 2.1 Interdependence of living organisms within their
environments
• Bio 2.1.1 Flow of energy
• Bio 2.1.2 Survival and Reproductive success of organisms
• Bio 2.1.3 Symbiotic Relationships
• Bio 2.1.4 Stability of ecosystems
• Bio 2.2.1 Human activities and Impact
• Bio 2.2.2 Sustainable Practices
What is Ecology???
• study of how living things interact
with each other and the environment
• Science of relationships
3
Organisms, Habitat & Niche
• Organisms are individual
living things; organisms
need energy and matter
from the environment
• Habitat is the place a
plant or animal lives
• Niche is the role an
organism plays in the
environment
4
Habitat
One habitat might contain
hundreds or even thousands
of species.
A rotting log in a forest can be
home to many species of
insects, including termites that
eat decaying wood and ants that
feed on the termites. Other
species that live on and under
rotting log include millipedes,
centipedes spiders, and worms.
5
Niche
You might think that
competition for resources
would make it impossible
for so many species to live
in the same habitat.
Each species has different
requirements for its
survival. As a result,
each species has its own
niche.
An organism’s niche is its
role in its environment –
how it obtains food and
shelter, finds a mate,
cares for its young, and
avoids danger.
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Biotic Factors:
• All the LIVING aspects of an environment.
• All organisms depend on others directly or
indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or
protection.
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Abiotic Factors:
• the NONLIVING parts of an
organism’s environment.
• Examples: air currents,
temperature, moisture, light,
and soil
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
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Levels of
Organization
13
What are the Simplest Levels?
• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
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Levels of Organization
• Ecologists have organized the
interactions an organism takes part
in into different levels according to
complexity.
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Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization
“Organism”
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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
1st Level of Organization
• Organism:
An individual living
thing that is made
of cells, uses
energy,
reproduces,
responds, grows,
and develops
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nd
2
Level of Organization
• Population:
A group of
organisms, all of the
same species, which
interbreed and live in
the same place at
the same time.
• Produce offspring
• Compete with each
other for resources
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3rd Level of Organization
• Biological
Community:
All the populations
of different species
that live in the
same place at the
same time.
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4th Level of Organization
• Ecosystem:
Populations of ALL
biotic and abiotic
things that interact
with each other in a
given area.
• Terrestrial=Land
• Aquatic=Water
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5th Level of Organization
• Biome:
group of
Ecosystems
that have the
same climate
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6th Level of Organization
• Biosphere:
The
portion of
Earth that
supports
LIFE!!
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What level of organization?
Organism
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What level of Organization?
Population
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What level of Organization?
Community
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Ecology Recap Video
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwd
YH4
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Levels of Organization
Drawing
•Fig. 2.4 Page 40
•Draw
•Label
•Color
•Descriptions
Write and answer the following questions
on the back of the drawing.
1.Ecology is the study of _____ on
several levels of biological
organization.
2.Which level of organization are
organisms able to interbreed and
live in the same place?
3.Which level of organization
includes biotic and abiotic
factors?
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Energy Flow
in an
Ecosystem
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Energy Flow
• Energy in an ecosystem originally
comes from the sun
• Energy flows through Ecosystems
from producer to consumers
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PRODUCER
Organisms that can
make glucose during
photosynthesis
aka: AUTOTROPHS
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Producers CAPTURE Energy from the
sun by:
– Photosynthesis
• Adds Oxygen to the atmosphere
• Removes Carbon Dioxide from the
Atmosphere
Algae
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PRODUCER
CONSUMER
The energy that is NOT used by
PRODUCERS can be PASSED on to
organisms that cannot make their own
energy known as the CONSUMER
AKA: Heterotroph
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CONSUMERS that EAT
PRODUCERS to get ENERGY
are called:
• Primary Consumers
(aka: 1st Order Consumers)
EX: Herbivores
(plant-eaters)
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Consumers
Heterotrophs eat
other organisms
to obtain
energy.
1) Herbivores
– Eat ONLY
Plants
2) Carnivores
– Eat ONLY
Other
Animals
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Consumers
3) Omnivores (Humans)
– Eat Plants & Animals
4) Detritivores
(Scavengers)
– Feed On Dead Plant
& Animal Remains
(EX: buzzards)
5) Decomposers
– Fungi & Bacteria
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A CONSUMER that EATS
another CONSUMER for ENERGY
are called:
• Secondary Consumers
(aka: 2nd Order Consumer)
• May be a:
-carnivore
-omnivore
-predator
-scavenger
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A CONSUMER that EATS a
CONSUMER that ALREADY ate
a CONSUMER for ENERGY are
called:
• Tertiary Consumer
(aka: 3rd Order Consumer)
• May be a:
-carnivore
-omnivore
-predator
-scavenger
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Feeding Relationships
ENERGY flows through
an ecosystem in ONE
DIRECTION from
PRODUCERS to various
levels of CONSUMERS
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Feeding Relationships
• Food Chain
– SIMPLE path of transfer of
ENERGY (organisms are less
likely to survive)
• Food Web
– COMPLEX path of transfer of
ENERGY that is made up of
many food chains (organism more
likely to survive)
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4th Order
Consumer
Producer
(trapped
sunlight &
stored
food)
1st order
Consumer
2nd Order
Consumer
3rd
Order
consumer
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Name the Producer & Consumers in this food
chain:
Main source of ENERGY
Producer
Tertiary
Consumer
Primary
Consumer
Secondary
Consumer
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Name the Producer, Consumers &
Decomposers in this food chain:
Producer
Mushroom:
Decomposer
RAT:1st
order
Consumer
CAT:2nd
Order
Consumer
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Food Web
Secondary & Tertiary consumers –
Carnivores & Omnivores
Primary consumers - Herbivores
Producers
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Identify the Producers, Consumers, &
Decomposers:
Count the
Food
Chains!
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Trophic Levels
Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a
Trophic Level
• Producers
❖Always the FIRST Trophic Level
❖How Energy Enters The System
• Herbivores
❖SECOND Trophic Level
• Carnivores/Omnivores
❖Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels
Each level depends on the one below it
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for energy.
Food Chains
Show Available Energy
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Ecological Pyramids
Graphic Representations Of The
Relative Amounts of Energy or
Matter At Each Trophic Level
May be:
Energy Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
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Energy Pyramids Show
• Amount of available
energy decreases for
higher consumers
• Amount of available
energy decreases down
the food chain
• It takes a large number
of producers to support
a small number of
primary consumers
• It takes a large number
of primary consumers to
support a small number
of secondary consumers
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Energy Pyramid
Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount of energy available at
each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of
this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.
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Biomass Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of
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the pyramid.
Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each
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trophic level.
Understanding Pyramids
Drawing
Fig. 2.14, 2.15 & 2.16 Write and answer the following questions
on the back of the drawing.
Page 40
1.An ecological pyramid can
•Draw
•Label
•Color
•Descriptions
show how ____ flows through
an ecosystem.
1.Only ___% of energy is
transferred to the next trophic
level.
1.What is the total weight of
living matter at each trophic
level?
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Ecology
“Symbiotic Relationships”
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Symbiosis
Not all
relationships
among organisms
involve food.
Many organisms
live together and
share resources in
other ways. Any
close relationship
between species is
called symbiosis.
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Competition (-, -)
A symbiotic relationship in which
both species are harmed.
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Competition
EX: Flowering Plants
The two
flowering
plants are
competing
for the
same space
BOTH
of them are
HARMED
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Competition
EX: Kudzu
Uses the same
space and
resources at the
same time!!
It “out competes”
other native plants
so they don’t have
a place to grow.
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Mutualism (+, +)
A symbiotic relationship in which both
species benefit.
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Mutualism
EX: Cowbirds and Large Animals
The cowbird benefits by
eating the ticks and mites off
the large animal. The large
animal benefits from having
the parasites removed from
them. The birds can also warn
them of danger.
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Mutualism
EX: Bees and Pollen
Bees receive nectar
from the flowers in
order to make honey.
As the bees collect
nectar, they collect
pollen on their body.
As they fly to another
flower, they pollinate
it by dusting the
pollen on the flowers
stamen.
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Mutualism
EX: Cleaner Shrimp
These shrimp set up
large cleaning stations
on the reef where fish
will come to have
parasites picked from
their skin. The shrimp
gets a constant food
source and the fish
(eel in this case) gets
rid of potentially
dangerous parasites
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Mutualism
EX: Nitrogen fixing Nodules
Bacteria in the
nodules can take
nitrogen gas from
the atmosphere
and turn it into a
form that can be
used by the plant;
in return, the plant
protects the
bacteria from
harmful oxygen
and
the bacteria get
food from the
plant.
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Mutualism
EX: Ant and Aphid
Ants protect
the aphids
while they eat
on the plants.
The aphids
provide the
ants with
honeydew that
they secrete.
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Parasitism (+, -)
A symbiotic relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other is harmed.
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Parasitism
EX: Tapeworms and Humans
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Parasitism
EX: Ticks
Parasites rarely kill their
hosts because to do so
would ultimately harm
the parasite!
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Parasitism
EX: Ticks
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Parasitism
EX: Cowbirds
Cowbird females lay
their eggs (one per nest)
in the nests of other
species. The hatchling
cowbird is big and gets
MOST of the food. This
is because the foster
birds tend to feed the
largest mouth. The
Cowbird benefits and
the other species is
HARMED.
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Predation (+, x)
A symbiotic relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other is killed.
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Predator and Prey
An organism’s niche
includes how it avoids
being eaten and how it finds
or captures its food.
Predators are consumers
that capture and eat
other consumers. The
prey is the organism
that is captured by the
predator.
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Predator and Prey
The deer is
being eaten by
the python. It
is prey.
The python has
captured and is
eating the deer.
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Predator and Prey
Predator
Prey
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Predation
Predator: Spider Prey: Insect
Predator: Snake Prey: Mouse
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Predator/Prey Relationship
The presence of
predators usually
increases the number
of different species that
can live in an
ecosystem. Predators
limit the size of prey
populations. As a
result, food and other
resources are less
likely to become scarce,
and competition
between species is
reduced.
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Benefits Harmed
Competition
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Predation
Killed Not
Affected
XX
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Understanding Relationships
Drawing
Using examples from the notes, prior knowledge or
internet. Draw an example, color and give a description
of the following:
1. Parasitism
1. Mutualism
1. Predator/Prey
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Cycles of
Nature
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The Cycles of Nature
• Four cycles that moves matter among
the environment and living things
–Water cycle
–Carbon cycle
–Nitrogen cycle
The Water Cycle
The Water Cycle
• The movement of water among oceans,
atmosphere, land, and living things.
• Precipitation- water moving from
atmosphere to land
– Ex: rain, snow, sleet, hail
– 91% falls into the ocean, 9% on land
renews fresh water supply
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation- water moving from the land
to the atmosphere
– The sun’s heat causes water to change from
liquid to vapor
• Condensation- water vapor becoming
liquid again due to cool atmosphere
• Transpiration- water moving from living
things back into the atmosphere
– Ex: evaporation from leaves, perspiration
from humans
The Water Cycle
• Ground Water- precipitation that seeps
into the ground and is stored in
underground caverns and porous rock
– Provides water for the soil, streams, rivers,
and oceans
• Our water supply is not getting larger
so we must protect our fresh water
from pollution!!
Water Cycle
The Water Cycle
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The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
• The movement of carbon from the
environment into living things and back
again
• Carbon is essential to all living things
because it is part of our molecules.
• Carbon Footprint
The Carbon Cycle
• Photosynthesis- carbon moves from
the environment into living things
– Plants use carbon dioxide from the air
to make sugar
– Animals get carbon from eating plants
• Respiration- carbon moves from
living things back to the environment
– Sugar molecules are broken down to
release energy and carbon dioxide is
given off when we exhale
The Carbon Cycle
• Decomposition- carbon moving from
dead organisms back to the
environment
– Fungi and bacteria decompose dead
organisms
• Combustion- the process of burning
fuel
– Burning fossil fuels releases carbon back
into the atmosphere
Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from?
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
Ocean
Volcanic activity
1.________________
Human activity (burning fossil fuels—long process)
2.______________________________
3._________________
Cellular respiration
Decomposition of dead organisms from92
4.____________
the oceans
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
• The movement of nitrogen from the
environment to living things and
back again.
– 78% of our atmosphere is nitrogen gas
• Nitrogen fixation- the process of
bacteria changing nitrogen gas into
usable nitrogen for plants
– Animals get nitrogen from eating plants
• Other bacteria decompose dead
animals and animal waste and return
nitrogen to the atmosphere
WHY IS NITROGEN
IMPORTANT?
1) NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA
2) Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP
3) Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins)
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
Image by Riedell
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Nitrogen Cycle
Section 3-3
N2 in Atmosphere
NO3and NO2-
NH
3
97
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle Video
Cycles of Nature Recap
Exit Ticket
1. What 3 cycles did we discuss today in class?
2. Name 2 processes that occur during the water
cycle.
3. In the carbon cycle, which process converts
radiant energy into chemical energy for plants
to produce sugar and oxygen?
4. Which cycle involves nitrogen fixing bacteria
to convert nitrogen gas into a usable format
for plants?
5. List 1 item you learned today from our
99
discussion.
Understanding the Cycles of
Nature Drawing
Fig. 2.17 Pg. 53
1.
Fig. 2.18 Pg. 55
Fig. 2.19 Pg. 56 2.
•Draw
•Label
•Color
•Descriptions
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Write and answer the following questions on the back
of the drawing.
In the water cycle, ___ is constantly moving
between the ___ and ___.
Define the following: Condensation,
Evaporation, Transpiration, Precipitation, Runoff
Carbon is an important part of all ____
organisms.
What form does carbon travel through the
atmosphere?
Describe the process of photosynthesis.
Even though the air is ___ percent nitrogen,
plants seem to do better when they receive
nitrogen fertilizer.
100
What do plants use nitrogen for?
Population Ecology
3 CHARACTERISTICS
OF A POPULATION:
1) Density- individuals per unit
area
“natural population”
2) Growth Rate- change in the
number of individuals of any
species
3) Geographic distribution- area
inhabited by a population
3 FACTORS THAT
AFFECT POPULATION:
# Of Births
# Of Deaths
# Of Individuals that ENTER
and LEAVE a population
2 TYPES OF
POPULATION
GROWTH
1) EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
Population grows
EXTREMELY RAPID
and at a
CONSTANT RATE
Unlimited
resources
Results:
J-Shaped curve
2) LOGISTIC GROWTH
• Period of Exponential
Growth, but will STOP or
SLOW DOWN
• CARRYING CAPACITY: total #
of individuals a population can
support
• Limited Resources
RESULTS:
S-shaped curve
Goes through a # of Phases
Human Population Growth
Predator – Prey Relationship
LIMITING FACTOR
FACTOR THAT CAUSES THE
POPULATION TO DECREASE
1) Density Dependent
1) Density Independent
Density-Dependent Limiting Factors
Factors that depend on the SIZE of a
population
EXAMPLES:
*Competition
*Predation
*Disease
*Parasitism
Density-Independent Limiting Factors
Factors that affect ALL
population regardless of
population size
EXAMPLES:
*Natural disasters
*Weather
*Human Activities
Changes in Ecosystems:
Ecological Succession
What is Ecological Succession?
•Natural, gradual changes in the types
of species that live in an area
•Can be primary or secondary
Primary Succession
•Begins in a place without any soil:
»Sides of volcanoes
»Landslides
»Flooding
•First, lichens that do not need soil to
survive grow on rocks
•Next, mosses (nonvascular plant---does
not have xylem or phloem) grow to hold
newly made soil and are known as a
PIONEER SPECIES
(1st to inhabit an area)
Pioneer Species
Lichens break down rock to
form soil.
Low, growing moss
plants trap moisture
and prevent soil
erosion
Primary Succession Steps
1. Simple plants (ex: mosses and ferns) grow
in the new soil
2. Simple plants die (adding more nutrients to
the soil) thickening the soil and other
plants begin to grow
3. Process repeats; shrubs and trees survive
4. Insects, small birds, mammals, etc move
into an area and now can support a variety
of life
Secondary Succession
•Begins in a place that already has
soil and was once the home of
living organisms
•Occurs faster and has different
pioneer species than primary
succession
•Example: after forest fires
Ecological Succession Recap
2 types of ecological succession:
Primary Succession
(no soil; ex: volcano lava flow with a
pioneer species; longer process)
Secondary Succession
(existing soil; disturbance;
faster process)
Ecological Succession
Exit Ticket
Only write the answer! You may use your notes. Place in basket with
name when finished. No talking!!!!
1.
2.
3.
List 3 factors that affect population growth.
What are 3 characteristics of a population?
What type of growth goes through a period of rapid growth,
and slows down or stops?
4. What is the term for the largest # of individuals a
population can hold?
5. What type of growth grows at a constant rate?
6. List 2 density-dependent limiting factors.
7. List 2 density-independent limiting factors.
8. Which type of succession begins in a place with no soil?
9. Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in
an area is known as _____________.
10. Lichens, moss, and ferns are all example of which type of
species? (Hint: 1st species to inhabit and area)
Human
Impact
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Human Impact:
The largest single threat to the ecology and biodiversity of
the planet in decades to come will be the global climate
disruption due to the buildup of human generated
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Human Population
Current: 7+ billion
Humans >change our environment to combat limiting factors
Modify/adapt ecosystems through:
- population growth (ex: use of contraceptives, limits on the # of children a couple can
have)
- technology {ex: waste management programs (reduce, reuse, recycle)}
- consumption of resources (energy efficient showers, toilets, hybrid cars, mass
transits, carpooling, etc)
- production of waste (organic foods, clothing, biodegradable materials, etc.)
Effect of Disease on Ecosystem
•
•
•
•
AIDS
Influenza “flu”
Tuberculosis “TB” (bacterial disease in lungs usually)
Dutch Elm Disease “destructive shade tree
disease”
• Psfiesteria “harmful algal blooms and fish kills
Ecosystems with lots of variation (genetic diversity and
diversity of species) is more resilient to the impacts of
diseases because there is a greater possibility that some
species have evolved resistance or if a species is lost there
will be another species to fill the niche of an extinct
species.
Human Impacts
Positive
•Reforestation
•Cover Cropping
•Recycling
•Sustainable practice
(Reduce, reuse, and
recycle)
•Organic
Negative
•Acid Rain
•Deforestation
•Habitat Destruction
•Invasive Species
•Ozone depletion from the
release of CFCs
North Carolina Ecosystems Impact
•Acid Rain: effects in
mountains
•Beach Erosion
•Urban Development in the
Piedmont: habitat destruction
and water runoff
•Waste Lagoons: hog farms
(1995 an 8 acre hog waste
lagoon in NC burst, spilling 25
million gallons of manure in
the New River. The spill killed
about 10 million fish and
closed 364,000 acres of
coastal wetlands to
shellfishing.
•Kudzu: as an invasive/nonnative plant
Impact of Humans on
Natural Resources
Deforestation
• Destruction of forest
Causes Climate
Changes
♥Increase in temperature
♥Decrease in moisture
♥Disrupts carbon cycle
♥Soil erosion
♥Loss of Biodiversity
Pesticide Use and Bioaccumulation
♥Pesticides negatively affects
humans, animals, and the
environment
♥Pesticide use can lead to
resistance in pests
Pesticide concentration
INCREASED as you go up the food
chain
RESULTS:
Toxicity in fish caused near
extinction of fish eating birds
Sustainable Practices:
environmental safe practice that promotes conservation
♥Help preserve the standard of
living for future generations
♥Will provide clean air, water, fuel
sources and air
♥Nonrenewable resources: when
resources do not renew itself at a
sufficient rate
Practices:
♥Recycle
♥Use energy efficient appliances
♥Use Solar Power
♥Use Wind power
♥Use Hydro power
Animal
Behavior
Animal Behavior- anything an animal does in
response to a stimulus.
•Stimulus = anything that causes a response.
•Response = behavior resulting from exposure
to a stimulus.
1. Innate (instinctive) Behavior = born with or
inherited.
Innate behavior develops independently of
the environmental stimulus.
www.biocrawler.com
Innate Behavior
Fight or Flight Response- body gets
prepared to fight or run.
Ex.- hair stands up on back of dog.
2.
Learned Behavior = resulting from
experience.
Learned Behavior
Insight: animal applies what it has
already learned to a new situation.
Learned Behavior
•Classical Conditioning- learning by
association. (Pavlov’s dog experiment)
Example- Imprinting- hatched
ducklings will follow the first
thing that moves after birth
3. Social Behavior = behavior resulting from
interactions with others.
Courtship Behavior- looking for a mate for sexual
reproduction. Ex.- birds dance
4. Aggressive Behavior- pushing, biting, to
threaten. Ex.- two rams but heads.
5. Migration- to move from one section to
another.
Ex.- Geese fly south in winter to have food.
6. Hibernation- sleep during winter to
survive.
Ex. – snakes and bears
7. Estivation - sleep-like state during
extreme heat or desert.
Ex.- rattlesnake and long-neck turtle.
13. Trial-and-Error- learned behavior by
trying something to see if it works to
get what the animal wants.