Transcript Ecology PPT Pre-AP 14-15

4/7
• Pick up:
–Ecology Booklet
• If you missed a TEST come see me now!
• REMINDER: OLC fieldtrip Thursday 
wear old shoes!
Ecology—the scientific study of interactions between
different organisms and between organisms
and their environment or surroundings
A. Biotic—living factors that influence an ecosystem
B. Abiotic—non-living factors that influence an ecosystem
ex: temperature, humidity, wind, soil, sunlight
Autotrophs
A. Sunlight is the main energy source for life on
earth
B. Also called producers
C. Use light or chemical
energy to make food
1. Plants -- land
2. Plant-like protists (algae) – upper layers of ocean
3. Photosynthetic bacteria – tidal flats and salt marshes
D. Photosynthesis—use light energy to convert carbon
dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates
(Remember: CO2 + H2O
Light Energy
O2 + C6H12O6)
E. Chemosynthesis—performed by bacteria, use
inorganic chemical compounds to produce
carbohydrates ex: sulfur in tidal flats
Heterotrophs
A. Organisms that rely on other organisms
for their energy and food supply
B. Also called consumers
Herbivores—obtain energy by
eating only plants
Carnivores—eat only animals
Omnivores—eat both plants and animals
Decomposers—breaks down dead organic
matter ex: bacteria, protists and fungi
Detritivore – eats dead plant and animal material
(detritus)
Piscivore – carnivore that eats only fish
Frugivore – herbivore or omnivore that eats
mainly fruit
Insectivore – carnivore that eats mainly insects
Feeding Interactions
A. Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction—
from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs
(producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers)
B. Food Chain—series of steps in which organisms transfer
energy by eating and being eaten
1. Arrows go in the direction of how energy is
transferred
2. Start with producer and end with top consumer
or carnivore
Ex: grass
cricket
frog
raccoon
C. Food Web—network of food chains within an ecosystem
Hawks
Weasels
Raccoons
Mice
Grass
Which of the organisms above is the producer?
Which of the organisms above is the top consumer?
4/8
• Get out:
– Ecology Booklet
• Reminder: OLC on Thursday
– Test corrections and make-ups today after school
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBh
Xz-Q
• Wolves change rivers
Warm-Up:
• With your table partner, use as many cards as
you can to create a food chain. STOP!
• Once you are done, try and make a food web
connecting all of your cards.
D. Trophic Levels—each step in a food chain or food web
1. Level 1—Producers (autotrophs)
2. Level 2—Primary Consumers
(herbivores) – 1o consumers
3. Level 3—Secondary Consumers
(carnivores or omnivores) – 20 consumers
4. Level 4—Tertiary Consumers
(carnivore—usually top carnivore) – 3o consumers
5. Level 5 – Quaternary consumers – 40 consumers
Hawks
Food Webs
Raccoons
Weasels
Mice
Grass
IV. Ecological Pyramids
A. Diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or
organisms (matter) contained within each trophic level of a
food chain or web
B. Energy Pyramid shows relative amount of energy available at
each trophic level
1. Organisms in a trophic level use 90% of the available
energy for life processes (such as growth,
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, metabolism,
etc.) and release some energy as heat
Remember: Every chemical process that happens in
your body releases heat as a byproduct (ex: burning
calories).
2. Rule of 10—only about 10% of the available energy
stored within a trophic level is transferred to the next
higher trophic level
C. Biomass Pyramid—represents the amount of living
organic matter at each trophic level
Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)
Represents amount of energy
available at each level as well
as amount of living tissue—
both decrease with each
increasing trophic level
Why do you think this occurs?
EOC Practice Question
4/10
–Turn in
• Desert Food Web– Stack A
• OLC Activity – Stack B
–Reminders:
• Ecology Quiz Next Thursday
V. Ecological Interactions between organisms
A. Competition—when two organisms of the same or
different species attempt to use an ecological resource
in the same place at the same time.
Ex: food, water, shelter
Direct competition results in: winner (survives and reproduces)
loser (dies, fails to reproduce)
survival of the fittest (natural selection)
Monkeys compete
with each other and
other animals for food.
Rams compete with
each other for mates.
B. Habitat—where an organism lives, includes both
biotic and abiotic factors.
C. Niche—the ecological niche involves both the place where
an organism lives and the roles that an organism has in
its habitat; how an organism lives and uses its habitat.
Example: The ecological niche of a sunflower growing in the
backyard includes absorbing light, water and nutrients
(for photosynthesis), providing shelter and food for other
organisms (e.g. bees, ants, etc.), and giving off oxygen
into the atmosphere.
D. Predation—one organism captures and feeds on
another organism
1. Predator—one that does the killing
2. Prey—one that is the food
E. Symbiosis—any relationship in which two
species live closely together
1. Mutualism—both species benefit (WIN-WIN)
a. Ex: insects and flowers
Can you think of any other examples that we’ve talked about in class?
2. Commensalism—one member of the association
benefits and the other is
neither helped nor harmed.
(WIN-0)
Example: barnacles on a whale
3. Parasitism—one organisms lives on or inside
another organism (host) and harms it.
The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional
needs from the host. (WIN-LOSE)
Example: fleas on a dog
VI. Levels of organization in the biosphere
A. Population – group of individuals of same
species living in same area
B. Community – assemblage of different
populations (of different species) living in
same area
C. Ecosystem – all organisms in a particular
place and the surrounding physical
environment
D. Biome – group of ecosystems with same
climate and same dominant communities
E. Biosphere – the part of the planet where all
life exists; includes land, water, air
(atmosphere)
Levels of Organization in Biosphere
4/13
Get out:
-Ecology Crossword
-Bring to me for stamp if completed
Pick up: Nitrogen Cycle Tutorial sheet
-Reminders:
-ECOLOGY QUIZ – Thursday
-All extra credit due tomorrow
4/15
• Pick up:
–Lynx Packet
• Get out HW: put on my desk
• Reminder: Quiz tomorrow
4/17
• Pick Up:
– Items for Whiteboard practice
– Textbook
• Get out: Notes succession/cycles
• Reminder: Ecology Test Next Wednesday
• Bring tape for stamps!
• Have a great Easter 
Warm-Up
1. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 1 percent of Earth's atmosphere, and oxygen makes up about 20
percent. These percentages are maintained most directly by the processes of —
A. absorption and evaporation.
B. fertilization and recombination.
C. respiration and photosynthesis.
D. nitrogen fixation and mineralization.
2. How does a plant take in nitrogen?
A. A plant takes in nitrogen as ammonium (NH4+) after a decomposing animal has released the
ammonium.
B. A plant takes in nitrogen as atmospheric nitrogen (N2) captured directly from the atmosphere.
C. A plant takes in nitrogen as nitrates (NO3-) after nitrogen has been transformed by bacteria.
D. A plant takes in nitrogen as nitrites (NO2-) received directly from other plants.
3. One of the nutrient cycles moves from an atmospheric gaseous form to the soil through both fixation
and biotic assimilation processes, moves through the food web, then is returned to the soil or to the
atmosphere. Which cycle fits this description?
A.
B.
C.
D.
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
water
Warm-Up
4. Hundreds of years ago, a volcanic eruption killed many plants and animals on a
tropical island. Today, the island looks much as it did before the eruption. Why is this
true?
A. Destroyed ecosystems always return to their exact original state.
B. Altered ecosystems only regain stability from the development of grasses.
C. Geographic barriers prevent the migration of animals to island habitats.
D. Destroyed environments can recover through ecological succession.
5. Lichens and mosses are often the first organisms to grow in a bare area. Over time,
grasses and shrubs will grow where lichens and mosses grew. The grasses and shrubs
are able to grow in the area because the lichens and mosses —
A. make the environment suitable for complex plants.
B. are the producers in every stable ecosystem.
C. synthesize specific bacteria for the grasses and shrubs.
D. provide enzymes needed for complex plant growth.
Warm-Up Cont.
6. The 1988 fires of Yellowstone National Park cleared large areas of vegetation,
leaving nothing but soil intact. When life returns to a previously established
community such as Yellowstone, this process is –
A. primary succession
B. biodiversity
C. secondary succession
D. speciation
7. After a town is abandoned, the concrete parking lots remain empty and inactive for
hundreds of years. What is the most likely order of ecological succession in that area?
A. Grass → trees → lichens → moss
B. Lichens → grass → trees → shrubs
C. Shrubs → grass → trees → lichens
D. Lichens → grass → shrubs → trees
4/16
• Get out “Lynx Eats Hare” w.s.
–Show me completed
assignment for stamp
• Get out all stamps – write name
on stamps
• Get ready for QUIZ!