Transcript species
Sustaining Wild Species G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 22 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Key Concepts Human effects on biodiversity Importance of biodiversity How human activities affect wildlife Management of wildlife Human Impacts on Biodiversity Fig. 22-2 p. 561 Increasing Biodiversity Physically diverse habitat :List 5 reasons why this increases biodiversity - Moderate environmental disturbance : What are some examples of this? How can this increase biodiversity? Small variations in conditions: What kind of conditions? How does this relate to tolerance and threshold limits? Middle stages of ecological succession: What occurs in middle stage succession? What are soil and habitat (space) conditions? Decreasing Biodiversity Environmental stress :What does this mean? Large environmental disturbance :give some Specific examples where this has occurred. Extreme environmental conditions: Are Some biomes more susceptible to this? If so, which ones? Can humans influence this? How? Severe limiting factors: Passenger Pigeon’s low Reproductive rate, what are other examples? Introduction of alien species: Give two examples And their impact Geographic isolation: List one natural and one human cause Human Activities Find and Record 5 different pieces of data to support human impact (*pg 561) US Species Diversity Fig. 22-3 p. 562 Current Data http://www.fws.gov/Endanger ed/wildlife.html#Species Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity Species approach : Can you predict any problems associated with this? Ecosystem approach :what are some flaws with this plan? Fig. 22-5 p. 563 Species Extinction Local extinction: gone from certain patches, but not everywhere Ecological extinction: ex: too few teammates, therefore the game is forfeited Biological extinction: completely gone from all of earth Endangered and Threatened Species Endangered species: in rapid decline, could soon become extinct without protection Threatened (vulnerable) species: in decline, but still with relative abundance Rare species: naturally exists in few locations and small Fig. 22-7 p. 564 population numbers Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Gray wolf Florida panther © 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Extinction Risks Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics –ex: Tasmanian devils , hereditary cancer Population viability analysis: risk assessment using math and statistical models to predict probability a pop. will persist Minimum viable population: smallest number Needed to ensure pop. survival Minimum dynamic area: min. suitable habitat to Maintain min. viable pop. Characteristics of extinction-prone species: (refer to Fig. 22-8 p. 566) Extinction Rates Background (natural) rate of extinction Mass extinction Adaptive radiations Why Should We Care About Biodiversity? Instrumental value: How will we be affected without these? Intrinsic value How can this be measured? See Spotlight p. 571 Fig. 22-10p. 569 Causes of Depletion of Wild Species Human population growth Failure to value the environment or ecological services Increasing per capita resource use Increasing use of Earth’s primary productivity Poverty Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species Habitat degradation Introduction of non-native species Fig. 22-12 p. 572 Threats from Nonnative Species Arrival Roles of nonnative species Examples (p. 576) See Connections p. 577 and Case Study p. 579 Fig. 22-19 p. 579 Other Extinction Threats Hunting and Poaching Predators and Pest Control Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants Climate Change and Pollution Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches Bioinformatics International Treaties: CITES National Laws: Lacey Act Endangered Species Act Habitat conservation plans Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach Wildlife refuges and protected areas Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms Zoos and Aquariums Wildlife Management Laws regulating hunting and fishing CITES, Lacey, ESA Harvest quotas Population management plants Improving habitat Treaties and laws for migrating species