Transcript Animalia
Animalia Distinguishing Characteristics • Entirely eukaryotic • Completely multi-cellular • Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers! • All reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually • The most diverse of the kingdoms (1 million different species have been named, but it is estimated that there are over 3 million species of animals living on our planet today) • Specialization in tissues and most even demonstrate organ systems. • Mobile ~ move to find food, shelter, or mates (some animals can only move during stages of their lives) •Two Main Divisions ~ invertebrates & vertebrates Method of Reproduction All reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually Definition: budding - new individuals form from outgrowths (buds) on the bodies of mature organisms. These outgrowths grow by means of mitotic cell division. Remember – yeast (a fungus example reproduces this way. Specific animal example of budding ~ Asexual reproduction in jelly fish ~ budding in hydra (a cnidarian = jelly-fish) Method of Nutrition Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers! The Good • All animals are good – they are necessary in order to maintain balance in our natural world (a.k.a. ecosystem). The Bad • The animals that we consider bad, are the ones that become problems for us. For example – worms, insects, and rodents/vermin can cause disease and illness in plants, animals & humans. Ex – tapeworms, pinworms, & hookworms are parasitic; ticks, mosquitos, fleas, mice, and rats can spread disease *But even these nasty critters are necessary for maintaining balance in an ecosystem – WHY? * So other than disease & illness, animals only become problems for us when we intrude into their natural habitat and disrupt the natural balance in an ecosystem or if we purposefully or accidentally introduce a species into a new area were there is no natural competition against the new species. Remember – kudzu? The same thing happens with animals that are brought into a new area with no competition. So I have to ask you ……… If there are no bad animals, are their bad humans? •No backbone. Invertebrates •Demonstrate one of three types of symmetry in their body plans ~ bilateral, radial, asymmetrical – see page 380 in your textbook •All (except the sponges) have special tissues that make up fibers called neurons. •All (except the sponges) digest food in a gut that is enclosed in a cavity called a coelom. Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex …. Porifera ~ sponges Cnidarians ~ jellyfish & corals Flatworms ~ planarians, flukes, & tapeworms Roundworms ~ pinworms & hookworms Mollusks ~ snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, & octopuses Annelid Worms ~ earth worms, leeches, & marine worms Arthropods ~ centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, & insects Echinoderms ~ sea stars (starfish), sand dollars, sea cucumbers, & sea urchins Invertebrate Examples PORIFERA = sponges Planaria dactyligera = planarian FLATWORMS = planarians, flukes, & tapeworms CNIDARIANS = jelly fish & corals Taenia saginata = Dendrogyra cylindricus = pillar coral tapeworm More Invertebrate Examples ANNELIDS = earthworms, leeches, & marine worms Hirudo medicinalis = leech Lumbricus terrestris = earthworm ROUNDWORMS = hookworms, pinworms, & whipworms Toxocara canis = dog roundworm MOLLUSKS = snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, & octopuses And Even More Invertebrate Examples ARTHROPODS = centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, & insects ECHINODERMS = starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc. Vertebrates •All vertebrates have a backbone. • Have a well developed head that is protected by a skull • All vertebrates have to live at certain temperatures and have body systems & functions that help maintain a constant internal temperature •Belong to the phylum Chordata (not all chordates have a backbone – lancelets & tunicates) •All chordates do have each of the following four body parts within their lifetime ~ 1) tail 2) notochord (stiff but flexible rod that gives the body support) ~ replaced by a backbone late in an embryonic development Vertebrates continued 3) hollow nerve cord ~ called a spinal cord in vertebrates 4) pharyngeal pouches ~ all chordate embryos have these pouches that develop into gills, or other body parts as the embryo matures Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex …. • 0 Fish ~ Jawless fish, cartilagenous fish, and boney fish Birds ~ flightless, water, perching, & birds of prey Amphibians ~ caecilians, newts, salamanders, frogs, & toads Mammals ~ placentals (whales, cats, humans), monotremes (the echidnas & the platypus) , & marsupials (kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, & opossums) Reptiles ~ dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises, crocidiles, alligators, snakes, lizards, & tuataras Vertebrate Examples Oncorhynchus mykiss = Rainbow Trout FISH = cartilaginous & bony AMPHIBIANS = newts, salamanders, frogs, & toads Agalychnis callidryas = Red-Eyed Tree Frog Carcharodon carcharias = Great White Shark Rhinella marinus = Cane Toad More Vertebrate Examples REPTILES = dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, alligators, snakes, & lizards Chamaeleo calyptratus = Yemen chameleon. Agkistrodon contortrix = copper head snake Even More Vertebrate Examples BIRDS MAMMALS Phoencopterus ruber = flamingo Equus ferus caballus = domesticated horse Homo sapien = human