Transcript 13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors

13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• A keystone species is a species that has an unusually large
effect on its ecosystem.
keystone
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Keystone species form and maintain a complex web of life.
creation of
wetland
ecosystem
increased waterfowl
Population
keystone species
increased
fish
population
nesting
sites for
birds
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Why is salmon considered a
keystone species
• Main food source for over 140 species
• Provide nutrients to the river system when they die
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Bell Ringer
• Review
• Crossword
Summative 3
tomorrow
Helfrichi Firefish
The photosynthetic algae are
a.producers.
c.parasites.
b.consumers.
d.decomposers.
19. The diagram, which shows how
energy moves through an ecosystem, is
called a
a.habitat net.
c.trophic level.
b.food chain.
d.food web.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Crossword corrections
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•
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15 – change the animal to a Shark
26 – change the animal to a Herring
23 – change the animal to a Rabbit
16 – change to low pressure
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
•
• joules
•
• metabolism
•
• biomass
•
• biogeochemicalcycles •
• hydrologic
•
• carbon
•
• evaporation
•
• condensation
•
• precipitation
•
• barometer
•
• high
•
producers
autotrophs
chemosynthesis
consumers
decomposer
foodchain
trophiclevels
primary
secondary
tertiary
foodweb
ten
photosynthesis
abiotic
biotic
ecology
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
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•
•
•
Get your clickers
Bell work
Pre-test
Begin Ecology Notes
1. What is Ecology?
(Topic 5)
(Poisonous plant
project due by the
end of the day)
Ribbon Fish
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
KEY CONCEPT
Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving
factors.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
• Biotic factors are living things.
– plants
– animals
– fungi
– bacteria
plants
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic factors are nonliving things.
– moisture
– temperature
– wind
– sunlight
– soil
sunlight
moisture
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Producers provide energy for other organisms in an
ecosystem.
• Producers get their energy from non-living resources.
– Sun (photosynthesis) or Chemicals (chemosynthesis)
• Also called autotrophs.
carbon dioxide +
water +
hydrogen sulfide
+ oxygen
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Consumers
• Organisms that get their energy by eating other living or
once-living resources.
• Also called heterotrophs
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Decomposers
• Organisms that break down dead and decaying
organisms through a process call decomposition
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
How would a long term drought
affect producers and consumers?
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
KEY CONCEPT
Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy
in an ecosystem.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding
relationships.
• A food chain follows the connection between one producer
and a single chain of consumers within an ecosystem.
GRAMA GRASS
DESERT COTTONTAIL
HARRIS’S HAWK
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Finish food web
notes
• Video
– Create a food web
using the organisms
from the video
Pull out your notes from
yesterday so we can quickly
finish them up and start the
video
Harlequin Shrimp
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Trophic levels are the levels in a food chain.
– Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers.
– Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat
herbivores.
– Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat other
carnivores
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
A food web is a model that shows all feeding connections
within a community
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy
among trophic levels.
• 10 percent of the energy is
transferred from one trophic level
to the next.
• The other 90% is lost into the
atmosphere as heat energy
(Joules) through metabolism.
• Chemical reactions in
organisms
energy
lost
energy transferred
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms
in a given area.
tertiary
consumers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
secondary
consumers
primary
consumers
producers
producers
675g/m2
2000g/m2
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual
organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
tertiary
consumers
5
secondary
consumers
5000
primary
consumers
500,000
producers
producers
5,000,000
• A vast number of producers are required to support even a
few top level consumers.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Specialists are consumers that primarily eat one specific
organism or a very small number of organisms.
• Generalists are consumers that have a varying diet.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• A keystone species is a species that has an unusually large
effect on its ecosystem.
keystone
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Keystone species form and maintain a complex web of life.
creation of
wetland
ecosystem
increased waterfowl
Population
keystone species
increased
fish
population
nesting
sites for
birds
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Why is salmon considered a
keystone species
• Main food source for over 140 species
• Provide nutrients to the river system when they die
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
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–
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–
–
Herbivores eat only plants.
Carnivores eat only animals.
Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
Detritivores eat dead organic matter.
Decomposers are detritivores that break down organic
matter into simpler compounds.
carnivore
decomposer
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Ecology Notes (cycles)
– Short video clips
• Following carbon
assignment
What is a connection
between a car driving
down the road, a tree
growing in a forest,
and global warming?
Summative 3 on Friday
Food web/pyramid
+
Biogeochemical cycles
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms
in a given area.
tertiary
consumers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
secondary
consumers
primary
consumers
producers
producers
675g/m2
2000g/m2
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
KEY CONCEPT
Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem through
biogeochemical cycles
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the
cycling of other nutrients.
oxygen
photosynthesis
respiration
carbon
dioxide
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
Two thirds of our planet
is covered by water.
97.5% of the water is
saltwater.
The majority of freshwater
is beyond our reach,
locked into polar snow
and ice.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Water cycles through the environment.
• The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of
water on Earth.
• Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water.
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
evaporation
lake
groundwater
surface
runoff
water storage
in ocean
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Hydrologic Cycle
• The sun evaporates water into a gaseous state
– Also transpiration from plants
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
lake
groundwater
surface
runoff
evaporation
water
storage
in ocean
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Hydrologic Cycle
• The water then condenses (condensation)
– Starts collecting with itself and dust particles to form
clouds
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
lake
groundwater
surface
runoff
evaporation
water
storage
in ocean
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Hydrologic Cycle
• When the water particles are heavy enough the water falls
back to the ground (precipitation)
– Lower pressure = cooler = more condensing and higher
chance of rain
– Barometer
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
lake
groundwater
surface
runoff
evaporation
water
storage
in ocean
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
evaporation
surface
runoff
lake
water storage
in ocean
groundwater
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
% of total water used
80
70
70%
60
50
40
30
22%
20
8%
10
0
Agriculture
Domestic
Water uses
Industry
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Carbon Cycle
– The way in which carbon is stored and replaced
– Carbon enters the atmosphere through volcanoes and
burning fossil fuels
– Carbon gets taken out of the atmosphere through
photosynthesis
carbon
dioxide
in air combustion
respiration
photosynthesis
respiration
decomposition
of organisms
fossil fuels
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
dissolved in water
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Carbon Cycle
– Dead and decaying organisms recycle carbon back into
the soil
– Decomposers can turn the carbon back into CO2
– Excess carbon can be stored in the ground for long
periods of time
carbon
dioxide
in air combustion
respiration
photosynthesis
respiration
decomposition
of organisms
fossil fuels
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
dissolved in water
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
?
Describe the path of a carbon atom from Grandma Johnson’s
remains, to inside the leg muscle of a coyote. NOTE: The
coyote does not dig up and consume any part of Grandma
Johnson’s remains.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Grandma
Johnson
Plants
Organic carbon
Organic carbon
Decomposer
s
Oxidation of
organic carbon
- Cellular
Respiration
Herbivores
Generation of organic carbon
- Photosynthesis
Coyote
Modification of organic
carbon
- Food Chain
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• The nitrogen cycle
– Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia
through a process called nitrogen fixation.
– These bacteria live in
the roots of plants; nitrogen in
atmosphere
others live
animals
freely in
the soil.
plant
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in
decomposers
roots
ammonification
nitrogen-fixing
ammonium
bacteria in soil
nitrifying
bacteria
nitrates
nitrifying
bacteria
nitrites
denitrifying
bacteria
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
– Ammonia in the soil is transformed into ammonium.
– Then ammonium into nitrate.
– Nitrogen moves through the food
web and returns
to the soil during nitrogen in
atmosphere
decomposition.
animals
plant
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in
decomposers
roots
ammonification
nitrogen-fixing
ammonium
bacteria in soil
nitrifying
bacteria
nitrates
nitrifying
bacteria
nitrites
denitrifying
bacteria
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• The phosphorus cycle takes place at and below ground
level.
– Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks.
– Phosphorus moves through the food web and returns to
the soil during
decomposition.
rain
geologic uplifting
– Phosphorus leaches
into groundwater
weathering of
phosphate from rocks
from the soil and
runoff
plants
is locked in
sediments.
animalsphosphate
phosphate in solution
in soil
– Both mining and
leaching
agriculture add
sedimentation
phosphorus into
decomposers
forms new rocks
the environment.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Classwork
• Answer questions 1-5 p. 416
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Bell work
• Close reading assignment
• Biogeochemical worksheet
This Friday is the absolute
last day to retake
summative 1 – you must
come in today or tomorrow
for remediation first!!!
1. Pick 2 of the cycles we
went over yesterday and
say how they relate.
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Bell Ringer
• Review
• Crossword
Helfrichi Firefish
1.Page 423 #6-9
Summative 3
tomorrow
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Close Reading
1. What is most important for a planet to sustain life? And
how is that possible?
2. What technique is used to discover information about
this planet?
3. What is the difference in the light given off by this
planets sun compared to our sun?
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Factors that affect aquatic ecosystems
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•
•
•
•
•
•
pH
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Salinity
Topography
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
pH – measure of acidity
• Average pH 6-8 most organisms survive this
• Low pH (acidic) or High pH (basic)
– Non desirable plankton, amoebas, bad bacteria etc. survive
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Oxygen – measure of dissolved oxygen
• Specialized organisms can survive in low oxygen waters
– Tarpon, betas, mosquito larvae, mullet
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Carbon Dioxide
• Required for plants
• Released from fish
• Will increase
acidity in seawater
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Nitrogen
• Fish release ammonia (toxic)
• Turns into nitrite (toxic)
• Bacteria turns this into nitrate (less toxic)
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Topography – study of the shape and elevation of the
earth
• Different topography house different organisms
• Affect other factors
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Due Tomorrow
• Complete worksheet
• Questions page 419 1-5
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Complete The Following
(Due with food web)
• Chapter review on page 423
• Questions:
– 1-5
– 10-21
– 23-31
– 38
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Complete The Following
(Due with food web)
• Chapter review on page 423
• Questions:
– 1-5
– 10-21
– 23-31
– 38
Complete what you do not finish for homework