Transcript Oral Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity - TangHua2012-2013

Travel Brochure
John Zhou
Digestion
Oral Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
EXIT
Oral Cavity
• What’s oral cavity?
• It’s the opening or the
hollow part of the mouth.
• It contains the mouth,
tongue, teeth, salivary
glands, pharynx…
mouth
lips
teeth
salivary glands
pharynx
epiglottis
esophagus
peristalsis
Oral Cavity
Mouth
• In the mouth, it has two categories of digestion, which
are the chemical and physical digestion.
• For lips and teeth, they are physical digestions.
• The salivary glands are chemical digestions.
Lips
• Lips are a visible
body part at the
mouth of humans
and many animals.
Lips are soft,
movable, and serve
as the opening for
food intake .
• Lips also help to
lead the food to the
teeth.
Teeth
• Tooth is usually started by the action on the outside
of the teeth of acid produced by bacteria feeding
mostly on sugary foods and sweets we eat. This
has several stages. It consists of a sticky film of
bacteria and other micro-organisms, together with
materials from the saliva and foods we eat. This is
relatively easy to remove by brushing, and can be
felt by the brushing, and can be felt by the tongue.
If this is allowed to build up over a period of remove,
and it provides sites for bacterial growth.
Salivary Glands
• There are three main glands, which are parotid glands,
submandibular glands and sublingual glands. They
produce the enzyme called amylase to help to digest.
• Their main function is produce the saliva for the mouth,
which refer to the chemical digestion. Saliva is the liquid
that has a little bit acid and can help to digest the food
with the teeth (physical digestion).
Sublimandibular Glands
• Approximately 70% of
saliva in the oral cavity
is produced by the
submandibular glands,
even though they are
much smaller than the
parotid glands. You
can usually feel this
gland, as it is in the
upper neck and feels
like a rounded ball.
Parotid Glands
•
It is one of a pair being
the largest of the salivary
glands, it secretes saliva
through Stensen's ducts
into the oral cavity, to
facilitate mastication and
swallowing and to begin
the digestion of starches.
The secretion produced is
mainly serous in nature
Sublingual Glands
• The sublingual glands are a pair of glands
located beneath the tongue, anterior to the
submandibular glands. The secretion produced
is mainly mucus in nature, however it is
categorized as a mixed gland. Unlike the other
two major glands, the ductal system of the
sublingual glands do not have striated ducts,
and exit from 8-20 excretory ducts.
Approximately 5% of saliva entering the oral
cavity come from these glands.
Pharynx
Pharynx
• As you can see in last page, the picture show the
structure of the pharynx. It’s very important in the whole
digestion process.
• It kind of gate for entering the stomach, in order to digest
the food, which can’t be digested in the mouth.
• Most of digestions happen in the stomach or near the
stomach are chemical digestion.
Epiglottis
• The epiglottis guards the
entrance of the glottis, the
opening between the vocal
folds. It is normally pointed
upward while one is breathing
with its underside functioning
as part of the pharynx, but
while one is swallowing,
elevation of the hyoid bone
draws the larynx upward; as a
result, the epiglottis folds
down to a more horizontal
position, with its superior side
functioning as part of the
pharynx.
Esophagus
BACK TO HOME
• The esophagus is an
organ in vertebrates
which consists of a
muscular tube through
which food passes from
the pharynx to the
stomach. During
swallowing, food passes
from the mouth through
the pharynx into the
esophagus and travels to
the stomach due to the
process, which called
peristalsis.
** peristalsis: Smooth
muscle lining the
esophageal wall pushes
food down.
Abdominal Cavity
Stomach
Duodenum
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Liver
Stomach
• Stomach is located between esophagus, duodenum and
small intestine. It is the second step of digestion, which is
following the swallowing.
• The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the
digestion system, which plays a very important role. It
secretes protein-digesting enzymes called pepsin. It’s
produced by the hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. In
order to digest the protein.
Stomach
• Stomach also has two sphincters: cardiac sphincter and
pyloric sphincter.
• Cardiac sphincter- it control the upwards part of the
stomach, in order to avoid the acid chyme climbs up to
the esophagus.
• Pyloric sphincter-let small amounts of acid chyme to
enter the intestine to help digest the food.
Duodenum
• The duodenum is the first section of the small
intestine in most higher vertebrates.
• The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown
of food in the small intestine, using enzymes.
• The duodenum also regulates the rate of emptying of
the stomach hormonal pathways.
Duodenum
Liver
• This organ plays a major
role in metabolism and
has a number of functions
in the body,
including glycogen storag
e, decomposition of red
blood cells, plasma
protein synthesis, hormon
e production, and
detoxification. It lies below
the diaphragm in the
abdominal-pelvic region of
the abdomen. It
produces bile, an alkaline
compound which aids
in digestion
the emulsification of lipids.
CHALLENGE
• Try to recite last page words about the liver,
then name the number of this diagram below.
Gall Bladder
•
The gallbladder is a hollow
system that sits just beneath
the liver. In adults, the
gallbladder measures
approximately 8 centimeters
(3.1 in) in length and 4
centimeters (1.6 in) in diameter
when fully distended. It is
divided into three
sections: funds, body, and neck.
The neck tapers and connects
to the billiard tree the cystic duct,
which then joins the common
hepatic duct to become
the common bile duct. At the
neck of the gallbladder is a
mucosal fold called Hartmann's
pouch,
where gallstones commonly get
stuck. The angle of the
gallbladder is located between
the costal margin and the lateral
margin of the rectus abdominals
muscle.
Pancreas
• The pancreas as an exocrine gland helps out the
digestive system. It secretes pancreatic fluid that
contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small
intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats) in the chyme,
like pancreatic amylases, trypsin, lipase, and sodium
biocarbonate.
POP QUIZ
Lower Abdominal Cavity
• Small intense
• Large intense
• appendix
Small Intense
• The small intestine is the
part of the gastrointestinal
tract following
the stomach and followed
by the large intestine, and
is where much of
the digestion and
absorption of food takes
place.
• The primary function of the
small intestine is the
absorption of nutrients and
minerals found in food.
Small Intestine
• Villi--the singular of which is villus, are finger-like
projections in the small intestine that help absorb food
more efficiently in the body. The small intestine is an
organ in the body in which most digestion occurs. Food
entering into the body is liquefied and partially digested
in the stomach. It then passes into the small intestine.
The villi are the parts that absorb nutrients from food
and pass them into the bloodstream.
• Villi are also covered with microvilli. The purpose of both
structures is to increase the small intestine’s surface
area so that nutrient absorption is enhanced.
Appendix
• It doesn’t have any real function. But it can make people
very painful.
Appendix
Large intense
• The large intestine takes
about 16 hours to finish the
digestion of the food. It
removes water and any
remaining absorbable
nutrients from the food before
sending the indigestible
matter to the rectum. The
colon absorbs vitamins which
are created by the colonic
bacteria - such as vitamin K,
vitamin B12, thiamine and
riboflavin. It also compacts
feces, and stores fecal matter
in the rectum until it can be
discharged
the anus in defecation.
BACK TO HOME
Pelvic Cavity
• Rectum
• Anus
• Alimentary Canal
Rectum
• The rectum intestinum acts
as a temporary storage site
for feces. As the rectal walls
expand due to the materials
filling it from within, stretch
receptors from the nervous
system located in the rectal
walls stimulate the desire
to defecate. If the urge is not
acted upon, the material in
the rectum is often returned
to the colon where more
water is absorbed from the
feces. If defecation is
delayed for a prolonged
period, constipation and
hardened feces results.
Anus
• The anus is an opening at the opposite end of
an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its
function is to control the expulsion of feces,
unwanted semi-solid matter produced during
digestion, which, depending on the type of
animal, may include: matter which the animal
cannot digest, such as bones; food material
after all the nutrients have been extracted, for
example cellulose; ingested matter which would
be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and
dead or excess gut bacteria like E.coli.
Alimentary Canal
• Imagine that you put one end of a hose in your mouth
and kept threading it through until it came out of your
butt. That's more or less what the alimentary canal is.
You put food in one end of the tube and it's processed
during its journey to the other end of the tube, where the
waste material comes out.
BACK TO HOME