Transcript PPDigestion and Nutrition

the process of changing complex solid
foods into simpler soluble forms which
can be absorbed by body cells.
Bell…
• Workbook 235 I only
Bell
• Make a “foldable”
Label as follows….
Digestion/Function
Mouth/oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Accessory organs
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anal Canal
Bell
• List the Functions of the Digestive
System
If you did not make a foldable on Friday,
see me.
Functions of the Digestive
System
• Physical breakdown of
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food
Chemical digestion of
food into the end
products of fat,
carbohydrates and
protein.
Absorb nutrients into
blood capillaries of the
small intestines
Eliminate waste products
of digestion
Bell…
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You need 4 pieces of paper
WAIT FOR INSTRUCTIONS
Functions/Facts
Oral cavity/Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Accessory organs
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Anal Canal
• ENZYMES – chemical
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substances that promote
chemical reactions in
living things.
ALIMENTARY CANAL –
digestive tract or
gastrointestinal tract (GI
Tract). A 30 ft. tube
from mouth to anus.
Accessory organs of digestion:
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Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
ESOPHAGUS
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Muscular tube,
10” long
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Connects
pharynx and stomach
4 layers
Mucosa (innermost)enzymes
Submucosa-Bld vessels
and nerve endings
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
PERITONEUM
• Lining of the
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Digestive System
PERITONEUM –
double-layered serous
membrane that lines
the abdominal cavity
Structure of
Organs
of Digestion
• MOUTH
• Food enters digestive system
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through mouth
Inside of mouth covered with
mucous membrane
Roof of mouth is HARD PALATE
(bone) and soft palate
UVULA – flap that hangs off soft
palate – prevents food from going
up the nose when you swallow
TONGUE
Attached to floor of mouth
Helps in chewing and swallowing
Made of skeletal muscle attached
to four bones
Taste buds on the surface
Secrete saliva
TEETH
GINGIVA – gums, support and
protect teeth
MASTICATION – chewing, teeth
help in mechanical digestion
DECIDUOUS teeth – baby teeth
(#20)
Adult mouth has 32 teeth
Three pairs of salivary glands
• PAROTID – largest salivary glands, they become inflamed during
mumps
Located anterior and inferior to your ears.
SUBMAXILLARY or Submandibular- found near the inner surface of
your lower jaw.
SUBLINGUAL gland- under your tongue.
They produce saliva. Liquefies food. Easier to swallow. Is 99% water.,
and enzymes ptyalin to break down starch.
Saltine Cracker Experiment
• 1) Hold a saltine cracker in your mouth
without chewing.
• 2) Describe the reaction that takes place
and explain why this happens.
• 3) Name the enzyme responsible for
carbohydrate breakdown
• 4) Differentiate between chemical and
mechanical digestion.
• ESOPHAGUS
• Muscular tube, 10” long
• Connects pharynx and stomach
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STOMACH
Upper part of abdominal cavity
CARDIAC SPHINCTER – circular layer
of muscle, controls passage of food
into stomach
PYLORIC SPHINCTER – valve,
regulates the entrance of food into
duodenum
RUGAE – mucous coat lining of
stomach in folds when the stomach is
empty
Stomach has muscular coat that allows
it to contract (peristalsis) and push
food into the small intestine
Digestive
• Label from your packet….Once Upon a
Swallow
• A-G
Protruding stomachs & malnutrition
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The protruding stomachs typically result
from one of three factors.
The first is edema in the abdominal area
[Moderator's note: edema represents a
"puffiness" due to accumulation of fluid that
has seeped from the bloodstream into
surrounding tissues]. This edema is a result
of a lack of proteins in the bloodstream. The
proteins in the bloodstream cause water to
remain in the bloodstream. As the
concentration of proteins in the bloodstream
decreases, the water moves out of the
bloodstream and into the extracellular
spaces. This causes edema. The edema is
particularly evident in the abdomen-especially in children.
The second cause of a protruding stomach
is an enlarged liver which is a result of
inflammation as well as an accumulation of
fat. Fat accumulates in the liver because`
there are not enough proteins to allow it to
be transported in the bloodstream.
The third cause of the protruding stomach
can be due to parasitic infections, which are
very common in malnourished people and,
of course, make their malnutrition worse.
Accessory Organs of Digestion
• PANCREAS
• LIVER
• GALL BLADDER
• Located behind
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stomach
Exocrine function –
secretes digestive
enzymes
Also has endocrine
function
• Largest organ in the body
• Located below the diaphragm,
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upper right quadrant
Connected to gallbladder and
small intestine by ducts
Functions:
Produce and store glucose in
the form of GLYCOGEN
Detoxify alcohol, drugs and
other harmful substances
Manufacture blood proteins
Manufactures bile
Store Vitamins A, D and B
complex
Bell
• Starting with the mouth and going thru
the pancreas list the sequence of digestion
and on fact about each organ.
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Small green organ, inferior surface of the liver
Stores and concentrates bile until needed by the body
When fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladder
Gallstones
Can block CHOLELITHIASIS
the bile duct causing pain and digestive disorders
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Consists of three portions:
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Duodenum - (about 12 inches long)
This is where the pancreas and liver have
ducts which empty into the small intestine.
Most of the chemical digestion occurs in
this first division. (This is a site of frequent
ulceration - duodenal ulcer.)
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Jejunum - ( about 8 feet in length)
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Ileum
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Food is now broken down into usable
substances which can be used by the
tissues.
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These substances are absorbed by
the villi (millions line the walls of the small
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intestine.)
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Nutrients are either sent to the blood or put
into storage.
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CHYME – semi-liquid food
Approx 2” in diameter
Also called the colon
CECUM – lower right
portion of large intestine
• APPENDIX is finger-like
projection off cecum
• RECTUM – last
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portion of large
intestine
ANUS – external
opening
Bell:
• Complete the Once upon a Swallow
worksheet.
Bell
• Complete the Unscramble activity on your
desk
• Label the Digestive System in your packet12 structures
DigestionThe process of changing
complex solid foods into simpler soluble
forms which can be absorbed
by the body cells
• BOLUS – soft, pliable ball – creating from
chewing and addition of saliva – it slides
down esophagus
PERISTALSIS – wavelike motions, moves
food along esophagus, stomach and
intestines
• Bell…
• Workbook 233
• 1-4
Bell
• Text 401, review questions 1-7
• 402, True False
DIGESTION: In the mouth…
• saliva softens food to
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make it easier to
swallow
PTYALIN in saliva
converts starches into
simple sugar
under nervous control
– just thinking of food
can cause your mouth
to water
IDENTIFYING TEETH
Incisors-located in the front and center
-broad, sharp edge
-used to cut food
Cuspids-also called canines, or eyeteeth
-located at angles of lips
-used to tear food
-longest teeth in the mouth
Bicuspids-also called premolars
-located before molars, from
front to back
-used to pulverize or grind food
Molars-teeth in the back of the mouth
-largest and strongest teeth
-used to grind food
More choppers…..
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Primary/Deciduous -first
set of teeth
- “baby” teeth
-maintains correct
spacing for permanent
teeth
Maxillary - located in the
sockets, or alveoli
or upper jaw bone
Mandibular -located in the
alveoli of the
mandible, or lower jaw
bone
Secondary/Permanent second set of teeth
- there are 32
In the stomach…
• gastric (digestive) juices are released
• stomach walls churn and mix (This
mixture is chime)
• small amount of chyme enters duodenum
at a time - controlled by pyloric sphincter
• takes 2-4 hours for stomach to empty
In the small intestine…
• where digestion is completed and
absorption occurs
• addition of enzymes from pancreas and
bile from liver/gallbladder
SMALL INTESTINE
• DUODENUM – first segment,
curves around pancreas, 12”
long
• JEJUNUM – next section, 8 ft.
long
• ILEUM – final portion, 10-12
feet long
• ABSORPTION – in small
intestine, digested food passes
into bloodstream and on to
body cells,… undigestible
passes on to large intestine
In the large intestine…
• regulation of H2O balance by
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absorbing large quantities back
into bloodstream
bacterial action on undigested
food – decomposed products
excreted through colon –
bacteria form moderate
amounts of B complex and
Vitamin K
gas formation – 1-3 pints/day,
pass it through rectum
(FLATULENCE) 14 times a day,
bacteria produce the gas
FECES – undigested semi-solid
consisting of bacteria, waste
products, mucous and cellulose
DEFECATION – when lg
intestine fills, defecation reflex
triggered – colon and rectal
muscles contract while internal
sphincter relaxes – external
anal sphincter under conscious
control
assignment
• Workbook page 233 C and page 236 K
• 237 O
Bell
• Get out Digestive disorder grid
– Fill in blanks from outline and text
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HEARTBURN
Acid reflux
Symp – burning sensation
Rx – avoid chocolate and
peppermint, coffee, citrus, fried or
fatty foods, tomato products –
stop smoking – take antacids –
don’t lay down 2-3 hours after
eating
GASTROENTERITIS
Inflammation of mucous
membrane lining of stomach and
intestine
Common cause = virus
Symps – diarrhea and vomiting for
24-36 hours
Complication = dehydration
ULCER
Sore or lesion that forms in the
mucosal lining of the stomach
Bell…
• 3…List three most important ideas about
Effects of aging on the Digestive system
• 2) Write two questions generated by this
information
• 1) Record one Implication for a health
care provider
ULCER
• Sore or lesion that forms in the
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mucosal lining of the stomach
Gastric ulcers in the stomach and
duodenal ulcers in the duodenum
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary
cause
Lifestyle factors that contribute:
cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress,
certain drugs
Symp – burning pain in abdomen,
between meals and early morning,
may be relieved by eating or taking
antacid
Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of bacteria
Rx – H2 blockers (drugs) that block
release of histamine
The surgical specimen of the distal stomach reveals a
perforated peptic ulcer.
A: Rugal fold B: Ulcer
• When appendix becomes inflamed
• If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix can
spread to peritoneal cavity
HEPATITIS
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HEPATITIS A
Infectious hepatitis
Cause – virus
Spread through contaminated food or H2O
HEPATITIS B (Serum Hepatitis)
Caused by virus found in blood
Transmitted by blood transfusion or being stuck with contaminated needles
(drug addicts)
Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinated
Use standard precautions for prevention
CIRRHOSIS
Chronic, progressive disease of liver
Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue
75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption
CHOLECYSTITIS
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Inflammation of gallbladder
CHOLELITHIASIS
Gallstones
Pain can be between shoulder blades/back
Can block the bile duct causing pain and digestive disorders
Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed
Surgical removal of gallbladder = CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Additional Disorders
• DIARRHEA
• Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when feces
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pass along colon too rapidly
Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic
substances or irritants in food
CONSTIPATION
When defecation delayed, feces become dry and hard
Rx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (roughage),
drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tension
JAUNDICE
Yellow color of the skin
• Workbook page 241 S
Bell
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Using the N.C. Health Careers book explore….
(choose one)
Dental assistant
Dental Hygienist
Dental Laboratory
Technologist
Dentist
(List at least one Professional association,
describe work, list salary, and academic
requirements