Transcript File

Advanced Physical Science
1st Semester Exam Review
December ~ 2009
Know #2: SI units of
measurement
 Mass – grams (g)
 Volume – milliliters (mL)
 Density – grams per cubic cm (g/cm³)
 Distance – meters (m)
 Speed – meters per second (m/s)
 Velocity - meters per second South (m/s South)
 Acceleration – m/s² South
 Force – Newtons (N)
#3: Three types of scientific
models
 Physical
 Mathematical
 Conceptual
#4 Examples of physical
properties of matter
 Solubility
 State of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
 Density
 Ductility
 Malleability
 Thermal conductivity
 Shape, texture, etc.
 Odor
 Color
 Back
#5 Viscosity and an example
 Physical property of a liquid which is its
level of resistance to flow
 High viscosity – stronger attraction of
molecules, flow is slower
 Honey has a high viscosity compared to
water
#6: The states of matter…
 Solid – Definite shape, definite
volume
 Liquid – Definite volume, no definite
shape
 Gas – No definite shape or volume
 Plasma – (gas) No definite shape of
volume
#6 Continued –
Changes of State
 Liquid to gas – evaporation
 Gas to liquid – condensation
 Solid to liquid – melting (endothermic)
 Liquid to solid – freezing (exothermic)
 Sublimation – solid to gas
#7: What sublimation is
 Solid becoming a gas without going
through the liquid state.
 Example – Dry Ice
# 8: Properties of metals…
 Hard
 Shinny
 Malleable – can be pounded, pressed
 Ductile – can be pulled into wire
 Good conductors of heat
#9: Properties of nonmetals…
 Dull
 Not malleable/ductile
 Poor conductors
#10: The parts of an atom and
their charges
 Protons – positive, in nucleus
 Neutrons – no charge, in nucleus
 Electrons – negative charge, move in all
directions at various levels around the
nucleus
#11: How the periodic table is
arranged…
 By increasing atomic number from left to
right
 Family / groups in columns
 Periods in horizontal rows
#13: Reference point…
 Place or object used for comparison to
determine if something is in motion
#14: Balanced, unbalanced
forces and net force
 Balanced – forces acting on an object
are equal; no movement/ motion
 Unbalanced – forces acting on an object
are not equal; results in motion
 Net force – Combination of all forces
acting on an object
 Force can be a push or a pull
#15: Examples of Acceleration
and what would not be an
example
 Speeding up – or slowing down
 Changing direction
 Spinning around
 Orbiting
NOT Examples:
 Going in one direction at a steady rate
 Not moving at all
Understand 1: The Scientific
Method
 Ask question or state problem
 Gather info
 Form a hypothesis
 Test the hypothesis
 Observe
 Analyze
 Draw a conclusion
Scientific Method, continued
 Independent variable – The one you’re
testing; the one that’s changing
 Dependent variable – the one that
changes as a result of the experiment;
what you’re measuring.
#2: The difference between
scientific law and theory
 Scientific Theory - Explains / an
explanation based on hypothesis and
observations
 Scientific Law – Summarizes/ a
summary of many results; Will predict or
tell what will happen every time.
#4: Examples of chemical
properties and what they mean
 Flammability – ability to burn
 Reactivity– Ability to chemically combine
#5: The difference between a
physical and chemical property
 Physical property – can be observed or
measured without changing identity
See slide #4 under “Know”
 Chemical property – ability to change
into a new substance
# 6: Difference between mass
and weight
 Mass is the amount of matter in an
object
 Weight is the measure of gravitational
force on an object
#7: The particles in solids,
liquids and gases
 In solids they vibrate in place ( strong
attractions of particles)
 Liquids – Are close but slide past one
another
 Gases – Move apart independently and
randomly
#8: The difference between
compounds and mixtures
 Compounds – a chemical combination of
elements
 Mixtures – combination of 2+ substances
not chemically combined
 Compound examples – H2O, CO2
 Mixture examples – dirt, pizza, salad,
blood, oil & vinegar
#9: Difference between
elements and compounds
 Elements are pure substances that can’t
be broken down by physical or chemical
means (particle – atom)
 Compounds are pure substances made
of 2+ elements combined chemically
(particle – molecule)
Difference between solvent
and solute
 The solvent is the substance in which
the solute is dissolved.
 Salt water- Water is the solvent, salt is
the solute
# 11: Difference between metals,
non-metals and metalloids
 Metals are shiny, malleable, ductile and
good conductors of heat
 Non-metals are dull and poor conductors
 Metalloids are semi-conductors;
properties of both
#12: Difference between mass
number and atomic number
 Atomic number is the # of protons in an
atom
 Mass number is the sum of protons and
neutrons
 Atomic mass is how much mass is
contained in all the particles of an atom.
On the Periodic Table it is the average
mass of the isotopes.
# 13: Motion vs. Speed
 Motion is an object’s change of position
relative to a reference point
 Speed is the distance traveled over the
time it takes to get there; D/T
#14: Speed vs. Velocity
 Speed is D/T (m/s)
 Velocity is D/T in a certain direction -
North, South, East, West (m/s East)
 When you know speed and direction,
you can determine velocity
 Acceleration is the change in velocity
over time (m/s² South) V2 – V1
T2 - T1
#15: Static vs. Kinetic friction
 Static friction – friction that does not
allow movement
 Kinetic friction – friction that allows
movement
 Static – Trying to move a ton of concrete
blocks
 Kinetic – Sliding a book
#1 Be able to…
A pure substance is the smallest sample
of matter where there is only one type of
particle (an atom or molecule). Elements
and compounds are both considered the
smallest samples of matter. A single
element or a single compound (elements
combined chemically) have definite
physical and chemical properties.
#4: Be able to….
 Compounds are the chemically
combined atoms of elements whose
smallest particle is a molecule
#5: Be able to…
 By spinning around, orbiting or changing
direction
#6 & 7: Be able to…
 Exothermic – heat out. For example,
freezing
 Endothermic – heat in. For example,
melting
#8: Be able to calculate…
 Density – M/V – 1st you have to calculate
volume – L x W x H (or by water displacement
cm³), then divide mass by your answer
 Speed – D/T
 Acceleration – V2 – V1
T2 - T1
 Net Force
5 N East and 8 N West
Net Force = 3 N West