Transcript Atoms, Energy, and Electricity Part I

Electronic Crime in Modern Business Cultures
Hiram College Online Course
By Roger Cram
PowerPoint Presentation
Atoms, Energy, and Electricity – PART I
In ancient times, everyone
thought that all “stuff” in
the world was a made from
only four elements:
In modern times, we know that all
“stuff” is composed of more
fundamental things than earth,
water, air, and fire....
Around 1900, people knew about
atoms, but believed they were
tiny spheres.
Scientists soon discovered that atoms
were not tiny spheres, but rather
had a center called a nucleus.
Today, scientists know that the nucleus of
an atom is composed of protons (p) and
neutrons (n).
The electrons are negatively charged
particles revolving around the
nucleus.
The nucleus is composed of positively
charged protons and neutrally charged
neutrons.
For every negative electron circling
around the nucleus, there is also one
positive proton and one neutral
neutron in the nucleus.
If the atom has two circling electrons,
then the nucleus has two protons and
two neutrons.
If the atom had 26 circling
electrons, then the nucleus had 26
protons and 26 neutrons.
These are called “elements,”
and there are 118 different
elements that we currently
know about.
Of the 118 elements, the first 92 occur
naturally in nature while 93-118 are
synthesized. Hydrogen is first with one
electron, one proton, and one neutron.
Helium is second, with two electrons,
two protons, and two neutrons.
Oxygen has eight electrons, eight
protons, and eight neutrons.
Gold has 79 of them, etc.
Everything we know of or can detect
with our senses are made up from
these elements - everything!!!!!
Different combinations of these
elements merge to form compounds.
Sodium and chloride are elements, but
when combined (or electrically
bonded) they form sodium chloride, or
table salt.
Hydrogen and oxygen are elements,
but when two hydrogen atoms bond
with one oxygen atom, we have H2O,
or water.
Are the electrons, neutrons and
protons in gold the same as the ones
in table salt?
YES!
Are the electrons, neutrons and protons
in water the same as the ones in
copper?
YES!
YES!!!!!!!
You mean all of the
elements that make up
all thingsYES!!!!!!
that our
YES
YES!!!
senses can
detect are all
YES
madeYES!
of the same
stuff?
YES!!!
HOW SMALL IS AN ATOM?
One drop of water contains one
million, million, billion atoms!
If you drop a sharpened pencil,
point first, onto a piece of paper,
the resulting dot will have over one
billion atoms.
HOW SMALL IS AN ATOM?
If the combined protons and neutrons (the
nucleus) were the size of a BB…….,
then the electrons would be 2000 times
smaller or about the diameter of a human
hair.
And if the protons and neutrons (the
nucleus) were the size of the a
BB……..
...the entire atom's diameter
including electron orbits would
be almost one mile across!!!!!
What percentage of the
volume of an atom is just
empty space?
99.999999999%
This means that all
“stuff” everywhere is
composed of mostly
empty space!!!!!
How small is an atom?
If all the atoms in the earth had their
electrons, neutrons and protons
touching each other, the earth would be
about the size of a basketball!
But this statement about the basketball
is based on an old way of thinking that
fails to realize electrons are really forms
of energy, not marble-shaped particles.
It is believed that electrons are just a
negative electric field or charge.
The Old, Outdated, Atom Model:
protons & neutrons in nucleus with
surrounding electron fields.
(1) Force Carrier Particles: Each type of
fundamental force is "carried" by a
force-carrier particle.
Force carrier particles for magnetic
waves are called “photons.”
Force carrier particles for gravity
are called “gravitons.”
We’ll talk more about these in a few
minutes.
So, there are two kinds of particles:
matter particles (like electrons) and
particles that carry forces (like
photons).
Although these aren’t really
particles like we think of matter
(little beads of tiny “stuff”), but
rather fields or levels of energy.
Then everything that we can detect
from our senses is actually made of
mostly empty space and energy fields.
Now, let’s get back to
the standard model.
Now that we know what our universe
is made of…….
Let’s find out what holds it together
and makes it work.
It’s time to discuss the FORCES of
nature, and there are only 4 of them.
There are only 4 forces known to
man
1. The Strong Force
2. The Weak Force
3. Gravity
4. The Electromagnetic Force
Of these four forces, we will be concerned
only with the electromagnetic force.
It is necessary to understand that electrical
charge (positive/negative) and magnetism
(north/south) are different aspects of the same
force -- electromagnetism. Oppositely charged
objects, such as a proton and an electron, attract
one another, while particles with the same charge
repel each other.
If you take two magnets and bring the north
poles close to each other, the magnets push each
other away -- without touching each other! How
is it possible to exert a force on something
without touching it? It is easy to say that, "the
magnets have an electromagnetic force field,"
but that still doesn't answer the question, what
IS the force that the magnets exert on each
other?
The negative outer electron force
fields repel each other (like charges
repel) so atoms never touch each
other.
The atoms won’t touch!
Negative electrons repel each other!
_
_
Negative electrons and positive protons
will attract each other.
Life as we know it, our senses, our
sense of being, our awareness that we
are here, our emotions, our thoughts,
our knowledge that we exist, and the
perception of our surroundings are a
result of the electromagnetic force.
All this “non-stuff” is energy.
All of our senses, feelings, emotions,
and bodily functions are controlled by
electrical impulses sent along nerve
cells and neurons.
Neurons help us learn as we
develop from childhood.
Neurons help us develop
new abilities.
Because of neurons and the
electromagnetic force, human beings
can drive a car, recite a poem, grow a
baby, digest food, repair injuries,
clean our blood of toxins, fight
disease, kill bacteria, safeguard our
children, deliver nourishment to our
cells, be alert for danger, and plan a
days events all at the same time!
All these processes and thousands
more take place in our bodies
simultaneously. The human brain and
neurons cause 6 trillion
electromagnetic impulses every second
to direct the activities in our bodies
and process our thoughts and desires...
...allowing whales to communicate
over distances of 3000 miles…...
…allowing the Monarch butterfly
to fly 1200 miles from Canada to
Mexico each autumn navigating by
the earth’s magnetic field, and...
…to allow the Warbler to migrate each year
from Toronto to South America navigating
by the position of the stars. Each wing flap
is comprised of millions of electromagnetic
pulses to muscle cells, balance systems, eye
observations, breathing, etc.
Three years in a row, the same banded
Baltimore Oriole arrived in Mentor, Ohio, on
the same bush, caught in the same net, 365
days from the previous year, on its way from
Canada to South America.
Therefore, the electromagnetic
force accounts for all of chemistry,
and therefore all of biology, and
therefore for life itself!
This same electromagnetic process takes
place with the creation of a universe, a
solar system, a volcano, a forest, a
meadow, a flower, an insect, bacteria,
living cells, a thought, a cell phone, a
radio transmission, an electronic bank
transaction, and a hacker’s stolen data.
The electromagnetic force is also how we
transmit our money, our corporate secrets,
our communications, our Internet. We use
the electrometric force to operate our
GPS, heat our homes, and use our cell
phones. It is the electromagnetic force that
hackers, phreakers, crackers, and
corporate criminals utilize to steal our
money, our corporate assets, and our
military secrets.
The carrier particle of the
electromagnetic force is the photon.
Depending on the photon’s energy,
they are called gamma rays, light,
television, microwaves, radio waves,
radar, etc.
The electromagnetic interaction is carried by
photons. The electromagnetic interaction digests
our food, grows our corn, moves our muscles,
allows computers to work and hackers to steal.
Photons can be absorbed or radiated by any
charged particle. Radiated photons are magnetic
fields, light, microwaves, cell phone messages,
radar, and WiFi signals.
Photons have zero mass. They always travel at
the speed of light = 186,000 miles per second.
Amazing isn't it - all the wonderful
structures of the world around you exist
because like charges repel and opposite
charges attract!
Something else that is astounding!
Matter cannot be created nor
destroyed. All the matter that was
anywhere at the start of everything
is still here! There is no more now
than before. There is no less now
than before.
All the matter that makes up
your body has been around
since the beginning of time.
It will be around forever!
Here’s another astounding fact!
Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed. It simply changes
form.
There is no more energy
now than there was at the
creation of time.
There is no less energy either.
The energy that allows your
awareness of being, allows
electricity, allows movement and
life, becomes radio waves, sound,
and light, has been around since
the beginning of time and will be
around forever.
Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed. It simply changes
form.
All the energy that ever was still exists!
Sometimes matter turns into energy!
Sometimes energy turns into matter!
Neither can be created or destroyed.
Is there really any difference between
energy and matter?
Things I Need to Know From Atoms, Energy, and Electricity Part I
• An atom is composed of a nucleus containing positively charged protons,
neutrally charged neutrons, and is orbited by negatively charged electrons.
•If the atom has two circling electrons, then the nucleus has two protons and two
neutrons. There are 118 known elements. Each one has one more proton than the
preceding element.
•Like charges repel each other (- & -) or (+ & +). Opposite charges attract each
other ( + & -).
• The atom is mostly empty space. 99.9999999999% empty space.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it just changes form.
• Matter cannot be created or destroyed. Today there is the same about of matter
there always was.
• The carrier particle for the magnetic force is the photon. The electron gets its
negative charge from the photon. Electrometric waves, light, x-rays, and radio
waves are nothing but photons. They travel at the speed of light, because they are
light.
Atoms, Energy, and Electricity – PART I
The End
Atoms, energy, and Electricity – PART II
will be in the next lesson. It will continue our journey into
electricity and magnetic fields as we discover how electronic
criminals steal their data.