Transcript Chapter 15

15.6 Conductors in
Electrostatic Equilibrium
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When no net motion of charge occurs within a
conductor, the conductor is said to be in electrostatic
equilibrium
An isolated conductor has the following properties:
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The electric field is zero everywhere inside the conducting
material
Any excess charge on an isolated conductor resides entirely
on its surface
The electric field just outside a charged conductor is
perpendicular to the conductor’s surface
On an irregularly shaped conductor, the charge accumulates
at locations where the radius of curvature of the surface is
smallest (that is, at sharp points)
Property 1
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The electric field is zero everywhere
inside the conducting material (=“no
potential drop”)
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Consider if this were not true
if there were an electric field inside the
conductor, the free charge there would move
and there would be a flow of charge
 If there were a movement of charge, the
conductor would not be in equilibrium

E=0, no field!
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Note that the
electric field lines
are perpendicular
to the conductors
and there are no
field lines inside
the cylinder
(E=0!).
Property 2
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Any excess charge on an isolated
conductor resides entirely on its surface
A direct result of the 1/r2 repulsion
between like charges in Coulomb’s Law
 If some excess of charge could be placed
inside the conductor, the repulsive forces
would push them as far apart as possible,
causing them to migrate to the surface
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Property 3
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The electric field just
outside a charged
conductor is perpendicular
to the conductor’s surface
 Consider what would
happen it this was not
true
 The component along
the surface would cause
the charge to move
 It would not be in
equilibrium
Property 4 (=“peak effect”)

On an irregularly
shaped conductor,
the charge
accumulates at
locations where the
radius of curvature
of the surface is
smallest (that is, at
sharp points)
Property 4, cont.
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The charges move apart until an equilibrium is
achieved
The amount of charge per unit area is smaller at the
flat end
15.7 Experiments to Verify
Properties of Charges
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Faraday’s Ice-Pail Experiment
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Concluded a charged object suspended inside a
metal container causes a rearrangement of charge
on the container in such a manner that the sign of
the charge on the inside surface of the container
is opposite the sign of the charge on the
suspended object
Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
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Measured the elementary charge, e
Found every charge had an integral multiples of e
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q=ne
Ice-pail experiment:
(a) Negatively charged metal ball
is lowered into a uncharged
hollow conductor
(b) Inner wall of pail becomes
positively charged
(c) Charge on the ball is
neutralized by the positive
charges of the inner wall
(d) Negatively charged hollow
conductor remains
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Millikan Oil-drop Experiment
15.8 Van de Graaff
Generator
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An electrostatic
generator designed and
built by Robert J. Van
de Graaff in 1929
Charge is transferred to
the dome by means of a
rotating belt
Eventually an
electrostatic discharge
takes place
15.9 Electric Flux and
Gauss’s Law
Field lines
penetrating an area
A perpendicular to
the field
 The product of EA is
the electric flux, Φ
 In general:
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 ΦE
= EA cos θ
ΦE=EA’=EA cos θ
q is the angle between the
field lines and the normal!
Convention: Flux lines passing into
the interior of a volume are
negative and those passing out of
the volume are positive:
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A1=A2=L2
ΦE1=-EL2
ΦE2=EL2
Φnet=-EL2+EL2 =0
Gauss’ Law
E=keq/r 2
 E = EA
A=4r 2
ΦE = 4keq
[Nm2/C=Vm]
Volt
Commonly, ke is replaced by
the permittivity of the free
space:
1
12 2
2
0 
 8.85  10 C /( Nm )
4ke
q
 Ε  4ke q 
0
The electric flux through any
closed surface is equal to the
net charge inside the surface
divided by 0.
Electric Field of a Charged
Thin Spherical Shell
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The calculation of the field outside the shell is
identical to that of a point charge
Q
Q
E (4r )  Q /  o  E 
 ke 2
2
4r  o
r
2
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The electric field inside the shell is zero
Electric Field of a Nonconducting
Plane Sheet of Charge
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Use a cylindrical
Gaussian surface
The flux through the
ends is EA, there is no
field through the curved
part of the surface
The electric field is:

E
2 o
Note, the field is
uniform
Charge by
unit area
E=E(2A)=Q/0=A/0