Transcript Population and Urban Development

POPULATION and
Urban Development
EQ:
1. What things would cause people to leave a
certain place?
2. What factors would cause people to move to a
certain place?
PUSH & PULL FACTORS
The push factor involves a force which
acts to drive people away from a place.
The pull factor is what draws people to
a new location.
Migration – Push & Pull Factors
 Most people move because of economic or
political reasons
 Pushed from a bad situation
 Less developed country
 Pulled to a better situation
 More developed country, access to resources,
better economy
 People also move from rural to urban areas
 Huge demand on city infrastructure and
economy
 Job market, living quarters
Urban Development 3 Basic Land Use Patterns
 Residential – Single
family housing and
apartments
 Commercial – Used for
private businesses and
retail.
 Industrial - Areas
reserved for
manufacturing
Important Terms
 Urban sprawl – Growth
without planning and
separating residential,
commercial, and
sometimes industrial
areas
 CBD – Central Business
District
Key Understandings
 People are not distributed equally on the earth’s surface
 The world’s population continues to grow, but at
different rates in different regions
What would it look like if the world’s
population was reduced to 100 people?
http://www.100people.org/statistics_100stats.php
REGIONS
Part of the Earth’s surface that are
alike or connected in some way, such as
by politics, economics, culture, or
environment.
1) Formal Region, 2) Functional Region,
and 3) Perceptual Region
DEMOGRAPHY
Demography: The study of population
Demographer: A person who studies demography
Demographics: the statistical data of a population showing
age, gender, income, education, etc.
GLOBALIZATION
Describes an ongoing process by which
regional economies, societies, and
cultures have become integrated
through a globe-spanning network of
communication and trade.
Global Population Distribution
• Population Distribution of the Earth is uneven due to factors such as
climate, landscape, transportation routes, and available resources.
• There are FOUR centers of heavy population in the world
•
These areas contain more than 70% of the Earth’s population
1) Eastern Asia has the
greatest
concentration of
people on Earth – it
is centered in China
and has 21% of
Earth’s population.
2) Southern Asia is the
second largest
concentration of
people – it is
centered in India
and has 16% of the
Earth’s pop.
3) Western Europe is
the third largest
concentration.
In Western Europe
people are
concentrated near
natural resources
needed for industry.
4) East Central North
America is the
fourth largest
center concentrated
in the NE US and
SE Canada.
In the US, the chain
of cities start from
the city of Boston to
south of
Washington DC.
- This is called a
megalopolis.
Africa has 12% of
the Earth’s
population.
Largest cluster of
people found in
the Nile River
Valley.
Cairo is the largest
city in Africa.
South America is
lightly populated
compared with other
continents.
Patterns of people
live along the edges
of the continent – SE
Buenos Aires in
Argentina,
Montevideo in
Uruguay, and Rio de
Janeiro and Recife in
Brazil.
Australia has the
fewest number of
people.
They are
concentrated
along the eastern
and southern
coasts.
(17.5 million people
total on the entire
continent. – as
much as the NYC
metro area)
North Pole
World Population by Continent
Population Density
 The number of
people in a unit
of space
 Example:
8,000 people
per square
mile
Population Density
Population Issues –
The 20th century world population "explosion," from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.1 in
2000, was a direct result of the rapid decline in mortality rates in less
developed countries. As death rates declined, life expectancy rose, leading to
higher population.
Population explosion
issues:





how to increase food
supplies
how to make better use of
farmland
how to improve eating
habits and to take
advantage of resources
how to find new sources of
food.
Food Supply

The rate of population growth was more than the
amount of food produced.

More than 13 million to 18 million people die each
year because they do not have a good diet.

(35,000 a day; 24 a minute – most are children)

More land is needed for agriculture

Productive farming methods


More productive farming techniques
Using new food sources

New sources of food


Today 90% of the world’s food comes from 15 crops and 7 livestock animals.
There are more than 10 million kinds of plants and animals on Earth.
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
& STANDARD OF LIVING
Birth & Fertility Rate
 Birth Rate: number of live births per 1000 people
 Fertility Rate: average number of children a woman
will have in her lifetime
Death Rates
• Death (Mortality) Rate – number of deaths per
1000 people
• Infant Mortality Rate – number of deaths among
infants under 1 year old, per 1000 live births
Rate of Natural Increase
Rate of Natural Increase: the percentage a population
grows in one year
Birth Rate minus Death Rate
=
Rate of Natural Increase
“The J Curve”
Over Population
 Over Population: the number of people exceeds the
resources available in an area
 Carrying Capacity: the number of organisms a piece of
land can support without negative effects.
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
Population Pyramids
 Graph that shows the percentage of population in
certain age groups
 Separates Male and Female
 Allows you to make predictions
Deciphering Population Pyramids
 http://www.prb.org/Multimedia/Video/2009/distilleddemographics1.aspx
In this first video, "Deciphering Population Pyramids," PRB senior demographer
Carl Haub shows how population pyramids give us a snapshot of a country's
demographic profile. But what do they tell us about a country's past and future?
"These videos not only show that demography can be exciting, but also highlight
how population trends and issues affects the well-being of us all," says Haub.
"Fertility, mortality, and migration—along with other demographic issues—play a
major role in determining what kind of opportunities and challenges people face
in their communities and countries."
Stage One
 High Birth Rate
 High Death Rate
 Result: slow growth rates
 Pre-industrial, hunter/gatherer societies in remote
areas.
 High Birth Rate
Stage Two
 Low or Falling Death Rate
 Result: Rapid Growth Rate
 Very LOW Standard of
Living
 Found In Least Developed
Countries
 South America
 Southern Africa
 Asia
Stage Three
 Moderate to High Birth Rate
 Low Death Rate
 Result: Explosive Growth Rates
 Causes a large population increase, but standard of
living remains low
 Developing Countries and the Newly Industrialized
Countries
 Found In Countries:
 Mexico
 Southeast Asia
 Middle East
Stage Four
 Low birth rates
 Low death rates
 Result: slow or no growth
rates
 Population slowly
increases, with a high
standard of living
 Developed Countries
 USA
 Canada
 Australia
 Europe
Stage Five
 Negative Birth Rate
 NEGATIVE or NO GROWTH
 Low Death Rate
 Result: No growth, even
population loss
 Population begins to shrink,
usually has a high standard
of living
 Found In “Post-Developed”
Countries




Germany
Sweden
Norway
Italy
Rapid, Slow, Zero and Negative Population Growth
http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/bio-home/harvey/lect/images/agestructure.gif
Demographic Transition Model
 Complex line graph that categorizes a country based on:
- Birth Rate
- Death Rate
- Population Growth
 Determines:
1) Growth, 2) Standard of Living, and 3) Level of industrialization
Key Questions and Terminology
Key Questions: Where is the world’s population increasing and decreasing? What do these measures tell us
about a country’s population? What kind of general trends can we develop using these trends?
• Population trends can be determined by the natural increase, fertility, and
mortality.
• The natural increase rate (NIR) measures the population growth. It is computed
by dividing the crude birth rate (CBR) by the crude death rate (CDR). The CBR is
the total number of births for every 1,000 people in a year. The CDR is the total
number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a year.
• Fertility rate (TFR) measures the number of births in a society; it is the average
number of children that each woman has throughout their life.
• Mortality can be measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR) which is the number
of deaths each year of infants under a year of age compared to the total number of
births.
• Life expectancy which measures the average life span of a newborn can expect at
current mortality levels.
The Demographic Transition
The Demographic Transition
Stage One:
CBR (Country Birth Rate) - very high
CDR (Country Death Rate) - very high
NRI (Natural Rate Increase) - low
Population Growth:
Low
Movement from Stage One to Stage Two:
MDC- Industrial Revolution
LDC- Medical Revolution
Stage Two:
CBR- very high
CDR- plummets
NIR- high
Population Growth: High
Movement from Stage Two to Stage Three:
Changes in Social customs and improved technology
Demographic Transition
Stage Three:
CBR: Drops quickly
CDR: Falling put slower than before
NIR: slows
Population Growth: Moderate
Movement from Stage Three to Stage Four:
greater gender equity, more women working and improved birth control
Stage Four:
CBR: low
CDR: low
NIR: low
Population Growth: Low
Demographic Transition
Examples of Countries and Regions of each stage of demographic
transition:
Stage One:
A few remote groups
Stage Two:
Sub-Saharan Africa
Nigeria, Sierra Leon, Cape Verde
Stage Three:
East Asia, Latin America, Middle East
China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Chile
Stage Four:
to
Stage Five:
Some in Western Europe
United Kingdom, Denmark
Germany, United States, Japan
Demographic Transition Model
Summary

The TFR or total fertility rate, and IMR or Infant mortal rate help compose each
countries overall Natural Increase rate, or the percentage by which a population
grows in a year.

In LDC’s a lack of contraceptives contributes to the high fertility rate, poor health
care, as well as unsanitary conditions lead to high mortality rates. This keeps LDC’s in
stage 2 or 3 of the demographic transition.

In MDC’s the IMR (infant mortality rate) has significantly decrease due to the
industrial revolution which promoted sanitation and improved health care. Due to
the decreasing IMR, MDC’s began encouraging smaller families and an increase use of
contraceptives decreased MDC’s overall total fertility rate.

This lowering in the fertility rate helps MDC’s enter stage 4 of the demographic
transition model where the population begins leveling off, and find an equilibrium.

However, MDC’s mortality rate is actually higher then that of LDC’s due to the fact
that those living during prior stages of the demographic transition are beginning to
die off.