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PRESENTATION
from English
Sources of pollution
The main anthropogenic factors of ecological crisis in Ukraine are
primarily large industrial complexes - voracious consumers of raw
materials, energy, water, air, land and space at the same time the most
powerful source of virtually all types of pollution (mechanical,
chemical, biochemical). Concentrated them around mineral deposits,
cities and bodies of water: in the Donetsk region, Central Dnipro,
Kryvyi Rih, Carpathians, Kerch, Mariupol, most regional centers.
Among the objects most dangerous environmental pollutants are
metallurgical, chemical, oil and engineering plants, quarries and
In recent years, Ukraine thrown into the atmosphere by more than 100
mln. Tons of harmful substances.
Enterprises metallurgy and energy - the main air pollutants - every year
give respectively 35 and 32% of all pollution from stationary sources.
The centers of industry and energy, and consequently, cell air pollution
- a city of Makeyevka, Mariupol, Kommunarsk, Khartsyzsk,
Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk. Metallurgical enterprises
equipped treatment equipment is only 30-50%. With few exceptions,
the equipment is outdated or even one that does not work.
The main pollutants of the environment with heavy metals, especially
lead and arsenic and sulfuric and nitric acids - ferrous metallurgy. This
plant "Ukrtsynk" in Kostyantynivka Dniprovskiy mercury plant in
Zaporozhye, mercury Nikitovskiy Plant and others. Enterprises steel the main water pollutants phenols, mineral oil, sulfates. The main
pollutants of the environment also include the chemical industry,
objects which emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and
other harmful substances. Major chemical plants are located in the
Carpathian region (Novorozdolskyy sulfur plant, Kalush concern
potash) in Donbas, Presivashye (in Krasnoperekopsk), Odessa, Sumy,
Rivne (enterprise association "Nitrogen"). They pollute the
environment very dangerous toxicants - phosgene, vinyl chloride,
hydrogen chloride, phenol, ammonia. Causing enormous damage to
nature and chemical companies that produce pesticides (Pervomaisk,
Kalush, Mariupol, Dneprodzerzhinsk), synthetic products (enterprise
association "Khimvolokno", "Dneproshina", "Ukrnaftohim" et al.). The
The industry is Ukraine's largest machine-building complex. For its
development there were quite favorable: a powerful metallurgical base,
dense transportation network, high volumes of machines and
equipment, qualified personnel. Ukraine Machine building plants
produce a variety of products - from household appliances to complex
modern machines, equipment for nuclear, space technology, turbine
aircraft, which have no analogues in the world. The highest
concentration of enterprises of engineering industry characteristic of
Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Krivoy Rog, Kramatorsk, Mariupol, Donetsk.
Engineering industry has diversified structure (heavy, electrical, radioelectronic, transportation equipment, instrument, machine tools and so
on. D.), And each has its own areas of ecological features, composition
and quantity of waste, toxic pollution, treatment of emissions in the
atmosphere and from wastewater.
Like other industries, machine tending to the areas of industry,
concentrated in the cities and "producing" large amounts of waste that
pollute the air, water and soil. Thus, only one in Dnepropetrovsk
production association "Dneprotyazhmash" resets every year in the
Dnieper 2365.2 thousand. M3 of contaminated wastewater, Plant rolls 250 thousand. M3. In Kiev emissions Dnieper Electrode Plant are 35%
wide, with 80% of them contain carcinogens first class of danger. Over
50% of all emissions in the atmosphere of this city makes PA
"Zaporizhstal" (more than 150 ths. Tons of pollutants annually).
Electrical plant in Ukraine is a hundred-odd, and many of them (and
instrument-making and electronic) built in the last decade, but in some
By environmentally harmful belongs to the cement industry. The biggest problems it creates in
the Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk and Kharkiv regions, polluting the environment with dust, sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides. It is the business of the industry made the worst environmental
measures: for example, the concentration of dust in their emissions by 5-10 times greater than
the MCL. From contaminated wastewater discharged into the river each year thousands of tons
of organic matter, suspensions, salt and other harmful compounds.
Great damage relief, land resources, groundwater mining has. In the area of ​Donbass, a triangle
Donetsk-Luhansk, Rubizhne, where concentrated dirtiest in terms of the environment, industry,
mines, energy facilities, military enterprises began ecosystem degradation of the local
landscape. In Lisichansk-Rubizhansk industrial area, for example, contaminated not only the
surface but also underground water in the area more than 120 km2. A 1417 heaps permanently
poison the atmosphere with harmful gases, taking, in addition, thousands of hectares of fertile
soil. The river Samara from Western Donbas mines annually discharged about 20 million. M3
highly mine water and about 60 million. M3 of water from the same Central Donbass mines.
Mineralization of water in the river Ingul, Samara, Ingulets greater than the natural background
of more than 10 times. Only in the regions Inhulets Kryvbas annually discharged about 100 mln.
M3 of dirty drains. These rivers are polluted with heavy metals and radioactive substances
(They come from the area of ​uranium ore deposits at Yellow Waters).
In hydrological regime also significantly affected by dust pollution as a result of quarrying
building materials (limestone, sand, granite, labradorite) in Zhytomyr, Vinnytsia, Dnipropetrovsk,
Kirovohrad oblasts.
Heavily polluting energy facilities, primarily CHP and TPP. Absorbing a huge amount of oil, gas
and coal, they emit millions of cubic meters of harmful gases, aerosols and soot, clutter
hundreds of hectares slag and ash. In Ukraine TPP produce approximately 55-60% of electricity
(about 37.6 thousand. MW); almost all of them are located in the cities and the largest among
all energy companies polluters of the environment. The main polluting components - solid
combustion products (fly ash), sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen. Total emissions of power plants
reaches 2,3-2,5 mln. Tons / year.
The remaining energy producing hydro and nuclear power plants. The largest hydroelectric
focused on the Dnieper (Kiev, Kanev, Kremenchug, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Zaporozhye, Kakhovska).
Hes considered environmentally safest. And in the process of creating a cascade of reservoirs on
the Dnieper River was flooded about 7 thousand. Km2 wonderful fertile wetlands. During its
existence reservoir drives have become waste and pollution from nearby regions. Today,
through the construction of hydropower plants and the creation of reservoirs flooded 100
thousand. Hectares of coastal land is much reduced intensity of self-cleaning Dnieper regularly
is a "bloom" of water, reduced fish productivity and consequently - the performance of fisheries.
Once we nervously welcomed the "ladder" on the Dnieper hydropower. Even the greatest artists
such as Alexander Dovzhenko, voted for Kakhovske sea, seeing in it the birth of a new aesthetic
and yet another victory over the rebellious nature. It took only one decade, to be sure, a victory
that was given a great price, fraught with bitterness of defeat ... (V. Yavorivsky, Ukrainian writer,
public figure). Environmentally include arbitrary placement in Ukraine five nuclear power plants
(14 units) - Chornobyl, Rivne, Khmelnytsky, Zaporizhia and the South (Fig. 7. 4). Not only is the
threat of new accidents at nuclear power plants, but also added a very complex problem and
dumping of nuclear waste in the near future (after making fixed resource) liquidation and burial
of most nuclear power plants. This is a difficult, dangerous and expensive process.
Even the greatest artists such as Alexander Dovzhenko, voted for
Kakhovske sea, seeing in it the birth of a new aesthetic and yet
another victory over the rebellious nature. It took only one decade, to
be sure, a victory that was given a great price, fraught with bitterness
of defeat ... (V. Yavorivsky, Ukrainian writer, public figure).
Environmentally include arbitrary placement in Ukraine five nuclear
power plants (14 units) - Chornobyl, Rivne, Khmelnytsky, Zaporizhia
and the South (Fig. 7. 4). Not only is the threat of new accidents at
nuclear power plants, but also added a very complex problem and
dumping of nuclear waste in the near future (after making fixed
Emissions of pollutants by road in an average year is about 5.5 mln.
Tons (39% of total emissions in Ukraine). In large cities, air pollution
sometimes reaches 70-90% of the level of contamination. In addition,
more than 20% of vehicles operated in excess of established standards
for content of harmful substances in exhaust gases.
Transport network in Ukraine is quite thick, the number and activity of
vehicles in big cities, and the environmental damage it causes very
significant. The main reasons for this - the older design engines used
fuel (petrol, not gas or other less toxic substances) and poor
organization of traffic, especially in urban areas, at intersections.
Exhaust gases that they emit our car found about 280 different
pollutants, including carcinogens pose a particular danger benzopyren,
nitrogen oxides, lead, mercury, aldehydes, carbon monoxide and sulfur,
soot, hydrocarbons. The transport of the same Trucking need 6.5 times
more fuel than rail, and 5 times - than water. In Ukraine, operating
more than 1 million. Lorries and beyond 2.5 million. Passenger. Each
year burns 12 to 30 tons of high-octane gasoline Russian, in which a
lead antiknock used (the concentration of lead in the petrol up to 0.36
g / l, while gasoline UK - 0,15, USA - 0.013 g / l). Our exhaust gases of
diesel engines significantly more toxic than gasoline because it
contains a lot of carbon oxides, sulfur dioxides and nitrogen, and
carbon black (up to 16-18 kg per tonne of diesel fuel). From transport
emissions and noise affected all cities of Ukraine, especially large
ones.
Railway environmentally cleaner, especially electric. But the problem
was the severe contamination of sewage railways emitted from the
railway toilets. Polluted strip width of several meters on both sides of
the tracks. In all civilized countries Toilet trains equipped with special
containers, and sewage is not thrown out. As a result, environmental
and medical studies have shown that sewage contamination of tracks
and their decomposition products, especially in the warm seasons,
caused stomach and lung disease in many passengers and railway
workers.
Some damage Dnipro and its reservoirs, Danube, Dniester, Black and
Azov seas Shipping has, primarily because of non-observance of traffic
rules and pumping oil, accidents, clean tankers, wipes, noise and
vibration and waves, destroying banks of reservoirs.
For our agricultural areas are most characteristic of pollution of
natural waters and soils with pesticides and chemical
fertilizers. Annual revenues of the fields Ukraine amount to 90
thousand. Tons and 4.5 mln. Tons respectively. Area of land
contaminated by persistent hloroorhanichnymy drugs is about 8
mln. Ha, several hundreds of thousands of hectares of their
content much higher than the MPC. Of the 170 names of
pesticides used in Ukraine, 49 are particularly dangerous.
Recently, there have been cases of toxic pesticides were
imported to Ukraine by Western companies, while at the West
use of these drugs is prohibited. Of the total number of
fertilizers introduced into the soil of Ukraine, on average, only
5-10% of absorbed by plants. The remaining 90-95% is washed
off by rain and meltwater, blown away by the wind and falls into
rivers, lakes, groundwater, becoming harmful components of
ecosystems. As a result today as the environment and
agricultural products is almost universally contaminated with
compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, often radioactive elements (contained in phosphate fertilizers),
sometimes - heavy metals (copper, zinc, significant excess of
MPC are found in 5% of agricultural products) and the remains
of the specific herbicide - simazine, atrazine and others.
Agricultural production in Ukraine is now more negative impact
on the environment than a few decades ago. This is the result
of irrational and unjustified reclamation work, technology is not
regulated the use of fertilizers and pesticides, as well as
escheat of storage and transportation.
Great harm has soils used in the fields of heavy agricultural
equipment. She regularly pereuschilnyuye ground, destroying
its structure, reducing the saturation of air exchange activity of
biochemical processes, erosion and protydeflyatsiynu stability.
Very hard environmental conditions prevailing around large
livestock farms (within a radius of several kilometers), which is
grown 30-100 thousand. And more cattle they produce daily to
2-3 ths. Tons of excrement that the farm did not have time to
process. As a result of decomposition and decay excrement out
great masses of ammonia, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, organic
acids, evolving pathogenic microflora. Waste water from
livestock farms within a radius of several kilometers pollute
surface and ground water, causing the death of fish and other
aquatic organisms. Near these complexes is unfavorable
sanitary and hygienic conditions, there is a high concentration
of worms and bacteria. At kilometer from the complex air
currents carried the stench.
More pressing environmental problem cities in Ukraine,
especially large and resort, is treating different municipal
waste - household and industrial - and their processing. Every
year in Ukraine the reservoir dropped about 4 billion. M3 of
contaminated wastewater. Theoretically available techniques
make it possible to purify waste water for 95-96% (although not
enough), but in practice cleaning is at best at 70-85%. Sewage
water sanitary standards in the world (and especially us) is
associated with significant costs, so expect improvement of the
situation in this area in the near future, however. Part of the
problem can be solved by going to a closed water circuits in the
workplace. The greatest amount of sewage discharged in
Mariupol (253.8 million. M3), Dnipropetrovsk (188 million m3),
Zaporozhye (65 million m3), Kyiv (29 million m3). Overall, all
major cities of Ukraine pollute the water environment, albeit in
a relatively smaller scale. The reasons are the same - old
equipment and even lack of treatment facilities, emergency
discharges (which is more than 250 per year).
By hazardous environmental pollutants are objects that generate
strong physical fields - electromagnetic radiation, noise, ultrasound
and infrasound, heat, vibration (large radio stations, district heating,
radar, substations, transmission lines, relay stations, and special
physical laboratory installation, cyber centers, nuclear power plants
and so on.). The concentration of these facilities in Ukraine is also
very high, especially in industrial areas and major cities.