Transcript Regional Labour Market Geographies in Scotland: CITIES

CAREERS GUIDANCE RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM
Wednesday 16th March 2016
Edinburgh Napier University
School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences
Sighthill Campus
Edinburgh EH11 4BN
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Introduction and background (history of
Scotland in 2 minutes)
Economic (TTWAs ) v policy (areas)
Pipelines and training
Maps and regional geographies
Questions
Conclusions
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Careers: training provision and labour market –
both sides of markets
People travel to train and to work (travel-to-workareas vary by occupation, sector, gendered, etc.)
Employers and training providers recruit from
‘search’ areas
Different groups describe different geographies
Different funders involved in different
programmes over different geographies
Theory/policy or administrative definitions used?
(and so PC lottery, NIMBYism, local
accountability, LMI {info and intelligence}, etc.)
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Complex and complicated
Many players
Competing and conflicting agendas
Different geographies
Speaking about the same thing in the same
language?
Changed?
150+ years – basis of heavy industries
 Housing decongestion – within urban areas,
NTs, peripheral estates
 Deindustrialisation and dispersion
All change
 Feminisation/non-TUs/hollowing
out/casualization and contractualization
 FE/HE/MAs restructuring
 Local, regional and commuting LM and
training markets
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6
7
Early
engagement
Barrier
removal
Volunteering
Job matching
Sustained
employment
Work in a traditional LM?
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Still applicable in
flexible LMs?
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Devolved powers?
Players?
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Stress on partnership, joined-up
implementation and local ownership, greater
share of investment in engaging and supporting
clients, greater investment in hardest to help,
developing soft skills, joining up with local
services, sustaining progression/aftercare
‘Employability’ becomes embedded into many
layers and institutions but stress on supply side.
Employers remain disengaged.
Appropriate geographies to design and deliver
employment and training policies?
Implications of LMI geographies
the young people surveyed do not consider all of the
available training and employment opportunities. Therefore,
they restrict their options and chances of employment by
discounting training and employment openings in areas that
are accessible, yet unfamiliar. Some respondents reported
that they were unwilling to travel to training centres beyond
their immediate local area if there were insufficient of their
mates to go with. For those young people without their own
transport, a reliance on lifts means that there is a structural
tendency to follow existing concentrations of where family,
friends and neighbours work
Young People, Job Search and Local Labour Markets: The Example of Belfast
Anne Green, Ian Shuttleworth and Stuart Lavery, Urban Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2,
301–324, February 2005
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functional economic market areas (FEMAs)
should be the basis for definitions of such areas
and for city-regions and LEPs, specifically further suggesting that Travel-to-Work-Areas
(TTWAs) be used as the definition for these
FEMAs (DCLG, 2010)
approximates cities using TTWAs which
alternatively refers to as ‘urban areas’ and ‘local
economies’ (Nathan, 2011, footnote 1, p.3).
we have used data from Travel-to work Areas (TTWAs)
to approximate that boundary [of a city region].
(Parkinson et al., 2006, para. 4.2.2)
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‘individual-level data to local authority-level
averages, and then aggregate[s] these to TTWAlevel using postcode shares. Local Authority
District (LAD) boundaries are not congruent with
TTWA boundaries, so straightforward aggregation
is not possible’ (see Nathan, 2011, footnote 4, p9).
City-Regions are the enlarged territories from
which core urban areas draw people for work and
services such as shopping, education, health, leisure
and entertainment. The City-Region is a
functional entity within which business and
services operate. City-regional economies play a
strong role in driving forward the economies of their
regions. (DCLG, 2007).
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The city-regional scale reflects the ‘geography of everyday
life’ rather than administrative boundaries and presents us
with opportunities to develop policy that reflect and support
the functioning of that City-Region. (DCLG, 2007).
The main advantage of using TTWAs is that they are
constructed on a consistent basis according to two main
economic criteria. The first is that at least 75 per cent, of the
resident economically active population actually work in the
area. Second, of everyone working in the area, at least 75 per
cent actually live in the area. They capture a significant
proportion of both local economic activities and the
residential areas in which the employees of those activities
live. Therefore to capture economic performance of the
wider City-Region, we use this larger TTWA level, which is
one step higher up in our typology, than the Primary Urban
Areas which we typically use in other sections of this report.
(Parkinson et al., 2006, para. 4.2.3)
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Much of the latest urban and regional policy thinking
calls for policy action at the ‘functional economic area’
(FEA) scale and yet there is no established way to
identify these economic ‘places’ in practice. FEAs
aren’t unidimensional – they’re not reducible to
labour market areas, for example – so the key
challenge is drawing on more than one type of
information when defining them. CURDS, nd,
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/curds/research/defining
/
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No matter how accurate the commuting data or how
powerful the computer system into which it is fed,
the problems of delimiting the boundaries of the
local labour market are insoluble. The task is futile
because it amounts to trying to draw a line around
complex and dynamic social processes. (Peck, 2006)
there are no uncomplicated nor unchanging means
to define TTWAs uniquely or universally across
occupations, gender, time etc. (Danson, 2012)
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FEMA
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TTWA
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City regions
(College regions?)
LAs (with add-ons) and data ~ LA based
http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/data/maps/lec.html
Eastern Scotland
Angus and Dundee City
Clackmannanshire and Fife
East Lothian and Midlothian
Scottish Borders
Edinburgh, City of
Falkirk
Perth & Kinross and Stirling
West Lothian
Highlands and Islands
Caithness & Sutherland and Ross &
Cromarty
Inverness & Nairn and Moray, Badenoch
& Strathspey
Lochaber, Skye & Lochalsh, Arran &
Cumbrae and Argyll & Bute
Eilean Siar (Western Isles)
Orkney Islands
Shetland Islands
North Eastern Scotland
Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire
South Western Scotland
Dumfries & Galloway
East Dunbartonshire, West
Dunbartonshire and Helensburgh
& Lomond
East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire
mainland
Glasgow City
Inverclyde, East Renfrewshire and
Renfrewshire
North Lanarkshire
South Ayrshire
South Lanarkshire
Angus and Dundee City
Angus
Dundee City
Clackmannanshire and Fife
Clackmannanshire
Fife
East Lothian and Midlothian
East Lothian
Midlothian
Scottish Borders
Edinburgh, City of
Falkirk
Falkirk
Perth & Kinross and Stirling
Perth & Kinross
Stirling
West Lothian
East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire and
Helensburgh & Lomond
Helensburgh & Lomond
West Dunbartonshire
East Dunbartonshire
Dumfries & Galloway
East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire mainland
East Ayrshire
North Ayrshire mainland
Glasgow City
Inverclyde, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire
East Renfrewshire
Renfrewshire
Inverclyde
North Lanarkshire
South Ayrshire
South Lanarkshire
Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire
Aberdeen City
Aberdeenshire
Caithness & Sutherland and Ross & Cromarty
Ross & Cromarty
Caithness & Sutherland
Inverness & Nairn and Moray, Badenoch & Strathspey
Inverness & Nairn
Badenoch & Strathspey
West Moray
North East Moray
Lochaber, Skye & Lochalsh, Arran & Cumbrae
and Argyll & Bute
Arran & Cumbrae
Argyll & Bute Islands
Argyll & Bute
Lochaber
Skye & Lochalsh
Eilean Siar (Western Isles)
Orkney Islands
Shetland Islands
city-region wide schemes for the
inactive and low-skilled make less
sense where their search patterns
and effective opportunities are
limited by costs, childcare and
other considerations’ (Danson,
2012)… to be effective, regional
employability schemes will often
need to mitigate for such potential
barriers to participation
College Region
Highlands &
Islands
Aberdeen and
Aberdeenshire
Proposed colleges
Local authorities
selected
% of students
% of
Notes
in regional
students
colleges from
from
selected LAs selected LAs
at selected
regional
colleges
Perth, Lews Castle, Argyll & Bute, Highland,
93.3
75.4
North Highland
Orkney, Shetland,
Orkney, Shetland,
College appears
Inverness, Moray,
Western Isles
to cover Argyll &
North Highland,
Bute residents
Argyll, and West
Highland Colleges
Aberdeen, and
Aberdeen and
80.0
91.4
Banff and Buchan
Aberdeenshire
Colleges
Yellow means high proportion of students
from outwith area attend regional
colleges ~ Glasgow and West gain most
from this
Yellow means high leakage of students
out of region ~ Lanarkshire especially
high, with Ayrshire, West and Central
also high.
College Region
Proposed
colleges
Local authorities
selected
% of students in
% of
regional
students
colleges from
from
selected LAs selected LAs
at selected
regional
colleges
B
A
A Measure of supply side self containment
Yellow means high proportion of students from outwith area attend regional
colleges ~ Glasgow and West gain most from this (<80% local students)
B Measure of demand side self containment
Yellow means high leakage of students out of region ~ Lanarkshire especially high,
with Ayrshire, West and Central also high. (<80% attend locally)
High degree of supply and demand side self containment
Aberdeen and
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeen, and
Banff and Buchan
Colleges
Aberdeen and
Aberdeenshire
80.0
91.4
Fife
Fife, Adam Smith,
and Carnegie
Colleges, & non
land-based
provision at
Elmwood College
Fife
84.6-86.0
83.3
Tayside
Dundee & Angus
Colleges
Angus and Dundee
83.1
91.7
80.3-86.1
82.1-82.8
Edinburgh &
Lothians
Jewel and Esk,
Edinburgh, East
Stevenson, Telford Lothian, Midlothian,
and possibly West
West Lothian
Lothian Colleges
High supply side self containment, low demand side
Highlands &
Islands
Perth, Lews Castle,
Orkney, Shetland,
Inverness, Moray,
North Highland,
Argyll, and West
Highland Colleges
Argyll & Bute, Highland,
Orkney, Shetland,
Western Isles
93.3
75.4
Dumfries &
Galloway
Dumfries & Galloway
College
Dumfries & Galloway
91.9
72.9
Borders
Borders College
Borders
87.8
74.1
Central
Forth Valley and
possibly West Lothian
Clackmannanshire,
Falkirk, Stirling, West
Lothian
82.4-85.6
67.1-73.5
91.3-94.0
69.6-75.5
Ayrshire
Ayr, Kilmarnock, and
East, North and South
the Kilwinning
Ayrshire
campus of James Watt
Glasgow conurbation
Glasgow
Anniesland, North
Glasgow, Stow, John
Wheatley, Cardonald,
Langside, City of Glasgow
Glasgow
59.1
86.2
West
Reid Kerr and Clydebank
Colleges, and the
Inverclyde campus of
James Watt College
East Renfrewshire,
Inverclyde,
Renfrewshire, West
Dunbartonshire
54.4-62.1
67.3
Coatbridge, Cumbernauld,
Lanarkshire Motherwell, and South
Lanarkshire Colleges
North and South
Lanarkshire, East
Dunbartonshire
85.8-89.2 37.5-40.2
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Regional geographies - focus on purpose. Policy and practice drivers demand
consistent regional geographies to minimise confusion and overlap.
Reconcile local economic development, training and employment markets;
Colleges, careers services, local authorities, employers and development
agencies main institutional players.
Different policy aims & techniques generate different regional maps: no ‘perfect’
solution that uniquely satisfies all; pragmatism and compromise must prevail.
Shared narrative and analysis critical to underpin particular regional geography
that best supports the implementation and delivery of diverse policies.
Narrative and map selected should respect and accommodate dynamic nature
of the economy and labour market.
Policy geography (local government unitary authorities) or economic geography
(TTWAs or FEMAs) adopted?
Common and consistent policy-based solution based on local authority areas,
nested where required to reflect underlying economic geographies. Around
major cities. especially porous with commuting and trainee flows across
boundaries
Professor Mike Danson, DLitt, AcSS, FIED, FeRSA
School of Management and Languages
Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh
EH14 4AS
Scotland
+44 (0)131 451 3840 t
+44 (0)7948 276398 m
[email protected]
http://www.sml.hw.ac.uk/staff-directory/michael-danson.htm
Scottish Centre for Island Studies:
http://scotcis.wordpress.com/about/
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