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Egypt
Egypt officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in North Africa that includes
the Sinai Peninsula, a land bridge to Asia. Covering an area of about 1,001,450
square kilometers Egypt borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south and the Gaza
Strip
and Israel to the east. The northern coast borders the Mediterranean Sea; the
eastern coast borders the Red Sea.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa. The great majority of its
estimated 80 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about
40,000 square kilometers where the only arable agricultural land is found. The large
areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live
in urban areas, with the majority spread across the densely-populated centers of
greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most famous
monuments, including the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx. The southern
city of Luxor contains numerous ancient artefacts, such as the Karnak Temple and
the Valley of the Kings. Egypt is widely regarded as an important political and
cultural nation of the Middle East.
Giza is a town in Egypt on the west bank of
the Nile river, some 20 km southwest of
central Cairo and now part of the greater
Cairo metropolis. It is the capital of the Al
Jizah Governorate, and is located near the
northeast border of this governorate in
coordinates.
Giza is most famous as the location of the
Giza Plateau: the site of some of the most
impressive ancient monuments in the
world, including a complex of ancient
Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred
structures, including the Great Sphinx, the
Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of
other large pyramids and temples.
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Giza's most famous archaeological site, the Giza Plateau, holds some of
the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history. Once thriving with
the Nile that flowed right into the Giza Plateau, the Pyramids of Giza
were built overlooking the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis, which
was near modern day Cairo.
The Giza Plateau is also home to many other Ancient Egyptian
monuments, including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First dynasty, as
well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second dynasty.
The Great Sphinx of Giza is a half-human, half-lion Sphinx statue in
Egypt, on the Giza Plateau at the west bank of the Nile River, near
modern-day Cairo. The largest monolith statue in the world, it stands
73.5 metres long, 6m wide and 20m high. Commonly believed to have
been built by ancient Egyptians in the 3rd millennium BC, it is the earliest
known monumental sculpture.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids
in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now Cairo, Egypt in Africa, and is
the only remaining member of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
It is believed to have been built as a tomb for Fourth dynasty Egyptian
pharaoh Khufu and constructed over a 20 year period concluding around
2560 BC. The tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800
years, it is sometimes called Khufu's Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu.
Time Line of Ancient Egypt
1.Predynastic
2.Early Dynastic
About 5500-3000 B.C
Climatic change about 7,000
years ago turns most of
Egypt—except for along the
Nile—to desert. Farming begins
and communities form along
the river, with important
population centers at Buto,
Naqada, and Hierakonpolis.
Egypt remains divided into
Upper and Lower (southern and
northern) Egypt.
3.Old Kingdom
(Dynasties IV-VIII) 2575-2150 B.C.
Age of pyramids reaches zenith at Giza;
cult of the sun god Re centered at
Heliopolis. Cultural flowering; trade with
Mediterranean region and brief
occupation of Lower Nubia.
(Dynasties I-III) 2950-2575 B.C
Consolidation of Upper and Lower
Egypt and founding of Memphis,
the first capital. Calendar and
hieroglyphic writing created. Royal
necropolis located at Abydos; vast
cemeteries at Saqqara and other
sites.
4.First Intermediate
Period
(Dynasties IX-XI) 2125-1975 B.C
Political chaos as Egypt splits into
two regions with separate
dynasties.
5.Middle
Kingdom
(Dynasties XI-XIV) 1975-1640 B.C.
Reunification by Theban kings.
Dynasty XII kings win control of
Lower Nubia; royal burials shift
north to near Memphis. Major
irrigation projects. Classical literary
period.
6.Second Intermediate
Period
(Dynasties XV-XVII) 1630-1520 B.C.
Asiatic Hyksos settlers rule the north,
introducing the horse and chariot;
Thebans rule the south.
7.New Kingdom
(Dynasties XVIII-XX) 1539-1075 B.C.
Thebans expel the Hyksos and
reunite Egypt. In this "age of
empire," warrior kings conquer
parts of Syria, Palestine, and
Lower Nubia.
8.Third Intermediate
Period
(Dynasties XXI-XXIV) 1075-715 B.C.
Egypt is once again divided. The
high priests of Amun control
Thebes; ethnic Libyans rule
elsewhere.
9.Late Period
(Dynasties XXV-XXX) 715-332 B.C.
Nubians from Kush conquer
Egypt; Egypt reunited under
Saite dynasty. Persia rules in
fifth century B.C. Egypt
independent from 404 to 343
B.C.
10.Greco-Roman Period
332 B.C.-A.D. 395
Ptolemies rule after the death of
Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. Dramatic
growth of population and agricultural
output. Roman emperors build many
temples, depicting themselves in the
Egyptian style.