Transcript Norwegian Institute for Air Research

Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Toxiques sans frontiers:
European coastal contamination
from the sky
by metal and organic substances
Kevin Barrett
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Center for Ecological Economics
Postboks 100, NO-2027-Kjeller, Norway
[email protected]
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Contaminant transport to coastal waters
1: Rivers
2: Direct Discharge
3: Groundwater
4: Atmosphere
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
How big are atmospheric
sources compared to rivers?
Just some examples:
1. Results of Eloise
2. Results from OSPAR
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea
Examples from ELOISE (1):
POPCYCLING-BALTIC project
% of supply
Atmosphere
Rivers
Baltic
Proper
Kattegat
88
12
89
11
Skagerrak
91
9
supply of lindane to the Baltic
(low solubility/restricted freshwater pathways)
(Breivik & Wania, 2002)
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea
Examples from ELOISE (2):
TOROS project
tonnes
Zn
Cd
Rio Tinto
6300
100
other rivers
atmosphere
130
32005100
3
35-60
supplies of metals to the SW Mediterranean:
a major mining region (very high freshwater loads)
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea
Example from OSPAR:
Percentages of nitrogen entering OSPAR
waters via atmosphere:
•
•
Reduced nitrogen : 32%
Oxidised nitrogen : 37%
NHx: very soluble, predominantly freshwater source
NOx: soluble, important atmospheric discharge
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Supply of anthropogenic
contaminants from the sky is
frequently substantial.
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Where does it come from?
Can we target sources?
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
The Baltic Airshed for N
The
actual
’50%’
source
region
....and 40%+ of
anthropogenic
nitrogen
entering the
Baltic comes
from the
skies......
The Baltic Watershed
Source regions for contaminants:
an example for nitrogen
S.Larssen: EIONET-WS-May-01.ppt Slide 9
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Source regions – airsheds –
can be large.
-) component-specific
-) receptor is also large scale
-) definition may be
geographical, sectoral, etc.
-) management scale defined
by physical and political
features. Often BIG. EU?
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
So what are our current
objectives, and how well are
we achieving them?
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
1: Emission Control
OSPAR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES STRATEGY
The Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the
objective of preventing pollution of the
maritime area...........
.........making every endeavour to move
towards the target of the cessation of
discharges, emissions and losses of
hazardous substances by the year 2020.
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
European Marine Strategy
”....to progressively reduce discharges, emissions
and losses of substances hazardous to the marine
environment...”
Van de Wetering, 15/11/04
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
2: Environmental Quality
” The (OSPAR) Hazardous Substances Strategy sets
the objective of preventing pollution of the
maritime area ..... the ultimate aim of achieving
concentrations in the marine environment near
background values for naturally occurring
substances and close to zero for man-made
synthetic substances.”
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
European Environment Agency
Factsheets
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Draft, January 30, 2004
Indicator Fact Sheet AP16
January 2004
Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury) and persistent
organic pollutants (POPs – lindane, PCB7) to coastal and marine waters, 1990-2002
140
120
100
Index (1990=100)
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
....and for air inputs...???
80
60
40
20
Why? Because (in part) the
information available for such
policy statements is not there.
cadmium
lead
mercury
lindane
PCB7
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
ELOISE
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Cadmium deposited to coastal waters
1995-2001
Issues:
a) Coverage
Mediterranean,
Arctic Sea, Black
Sea, Atlantic coast
b) Quality
%
change
e.g. NetherlandsBelgium-UK
in precipitation
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Reporting to OSPAR,
autumn 2004
information due September
Iceland
2 stations
Norway
1 station
Sweden
2 stations
Denmark
2 stations
Netherlands 2 stations
Belgium
nothing yet
France
0 stations
UK
nothing yet
Ireland
2 stations
Spain
1 station
Portugal 3 stations
Deadline two weeks from now
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
......and quality
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Annual mean precipitation weighted
concentrations/depositions of PCB’s: Year 2000
no.
mnths
PCB's
28
31
52
101
105
118
138
153
2.169
1.978
1.978
0.009
0.015
0.017
4136
3772
3772
5.6
9.0
10.2
156
180
ng/l
????
10
????
12
0.074
0.068
1.431
2.142
0.029
0.010
0.009
1.648
0.004
0.012
ng/m2
????
10
????
12
45.6
41.7
2728
4084
17.7
6.4
ELOISE
Values underlined were all BDL
(flag 781)
5.7
3142
2.4
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
7.4
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
From science to
implementation:
We know broadly the
situation, but noone
appears interested.......
How do we get such
messages across???
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
Summary
Pollutants from the air frequently exceed or equal
those from rivers
Source regions are transboundary ”..implementation
without neighbours will fail...” Rotterdam Stakeholders
Conference 10-12/11/04
Receptor region is not local scale
The scales of cause and effect do not match either
other pollutant routes, or each other – how to identify
your stakeholder groups etc.
If we identify desirable objectives, can we assess their
achievement – ’review and adjustment of monitoring’.
Getting the message across......
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
140
120
100
Index (1990=100)
Norsk institutt for luftforskning
www.nilu.no
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
To finish on a positive note....
80
60
40
20
cadmium
lead
mercury
lindane
PCB7
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Depositions to coastal waters from the air, 1990-2002
ELOISE
Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004