Transcript File

Chapter 9
Urban Geography
intro
• Urban morphology- how a city is physically
built and how it is laid out across space
– Berlin was a laid out as a split city between
physical walls
Why did people start living in cities?
• City- a grouping people and buildings that
facilitate politics, culture, and economics
– Majority of people live in cities or urban areas
– Urbanization is not happening at the same
speed (happens faster in modern cities)
Hunting and gathering
• Agriculture village- whole area was
involved in agriculture and produced
enough to live on
– First Agriculture hearth in SW Asia
(Iran/Fertile crescent) and then India and
Mexico
City formation
• Agriculture surplus- enough food left over
to create food to trade
• Social stratification- where some people
emerge in a higher class than others
• Leadership class- urban elite , control over
resources and people
– Writing helped est. rules
First Urban Revolution
• Occurred in 5 different hearths (independent
invention)
– Mesopotamia
– Nile River
– Indus River Valley
– Huang He and Wei river Valleys
– Mesoamerica
• Cities the center of religion, power, and trade
Greek cities
• 500 BCE; at its height 500 cities with
Athens the center
• Every city had an acropolis (high point)
and an agora (public market)
• Great influence of Roman and later
American cities
Roman cities
• Largest system up to that point with Rome
the capital
• Created a road network
• Adopted the Greek grid road formation
• Forum the focal point
• Middle ages had little urban growth in
Europe, but major growth in Asia with the
silk road; West Africa, and Mexico
• Connect all the early Eurasian cities and
create the URBAN BANANA a zone from
England to Japan
• With colonization cities built on coast for
mercantilism- trade dominance
Second urban revolution
• Industrial revolution of great
Britain
– Allowed farmers to move to the
cities for factory work
– European cities built along coal
fields and railroads
– Cities overcrowded and bad
sanitation
– America followed a cleaner
path
– American cities created rust
belt in late 1900s when
factories moved to Asia
•
Rank size rule- population of a city will
be inversely related to its rank in the
urban hierarchy
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
Miami 12 million
Tampa 6 million (1/2)
Jax 4 million (1/3)
Orlando 3 million (1/4)
Doesn’t always work…but usually
Where are cities located and why
• Trade area (economic reach/economic
hinterland)- city and adjacent regions
where the city’s influence is dominant
(Orlando- Longwood, Winter Springs, Lake
Mary…)
Central Place Theory
• Predicts how and where the center is of an urban
hierarchy
– For theory to work must have: flat surface, fertile soil,
even population, transport network, no physical
barriers
– Big city caters to medium cities, medium cities cater
to small cities, small cities cater to towns…
– Cities are spaced apart for competition
• Each city has an exclusive area of sales
• Diagrammed it where each trade area is a
hexagon
• Conclusion of theory- cities are spaced
apart based on population, trade and
distance
Central place theory today
• Only moderately applicable
• Sunbelt Phenomenon- millions of
Americans moving North to South and
Southwest; Latin American moving North
to these areas
• New dominant cities emerging- (Atlanta,
Phoenix, Dallas)
• Watch supplemental ppoint
How cities are organized
• Models of all cities are broken into
functional zones/specialized regions
– CBD- Central Business District or main
downtown with high land value, busy traffic,
and buildings
– Central city- urban area outside CBD but not
in the suburbs, residential city
– Suburbanization- process where land outside
of the city changes to residential with large
expensive homes
American city models
• Concentric Zone/Burgess
model- divides the city into 5
circular zones and the city
grows the circles grow and
overlap
• Sector/Hoyt model- divided
in pie slices and city grows
outward from center
• Multiple nuclei- CBD is no
longer dominant and has
many different dominant
areas (one for industry, one
for residential, one for
colleges)
• Urban realms- not a model but an idea
that each realm of a city is completely self
sufficient with their only edge city or mini
CBD
Latin American City
(Griffin-Ford model)
• Combo of sectors and concentric circles
• CBD and spine are the main areas of
working class and wealthy. Some middle
class in zone of maturity
• All other areas are different degrees of
poor (disamenity the worst)
African City
• Three CBDs (colonial, market, transitional)
• Neighborhoods divided more on ethnic
than money (outer area poorest)
Southeast Asian city (McGee)
• Focal point is the colonial port and
commercial zones of foreign investment
(Western and alien zones)
Making Cities
• Cities suffering from poor moving in due to
imaginary pull factors
• Leads to overpopulation and creation of
shantytowns (unplanned shack towns
around the city)
• Zoning laws say what property can be
used for (residential or business)
Changing neighborhoods
• Redlining- banks would identify a “risky”
neighborhood and not give them money for
improvements (making them worse)
• Blockbusting- occurred pre civil rights where
realtors would sell a house in a white
neighborhood to an African American family and
the encourage other whites to move creating
white flight
• Commercializationtransforming a downtown to be
more appealing with
“waterfronts’ (Miami),
marketplaces, anything to
attract tourist downtown
• Multiplier effect- when an
employer moves in or out of a
city, it effects jobs across the
city
• Gentrification- people buy old
downtown houses or condos
and renovate them to draw
residents back to CBD (single,
retired, alternate lifestyles)
• Tear downs- renovating
homes in suburb instead of
building new ones (in Winter
Park)
• Urban sprawl- growth of
housing and commercial
developments over a large
areas of land
• New urbanism- idea of
creating a walkable self
sufficient neighborhood
(Celebration)
– Creates questions of
racism and economic
superiority
• Gated communities- fenced in neighborhoods with
controlled gates and security
– Used to increase housing values and known to
reduce crime (case study in Ohio proved this)
• Ethnic neighborhoods- most migrants move here
from periphery countries
– Many participate in the informal economy (not
taxed income)
World cities
• Cities that are globally strong and control the
economy
• 10 world cities: London, Paris, NY Tokyo, Chicago,
Frankfurt, Hong Kong, LA, Milan, Singapore
• Primate city- one dominant city of a country (Paris)
• London- attempts to slow growth with a greenbelt
• Spaces of consumption: areas for major
advertising and product influence (Time
Square)