Transcript Primate City

Urban Structure
Lecture 7
• Urbanization: (increase in) the number and percentage of
people living un urban settlements. (Urbanized Population)
– Driving factors:
• Jobs
• Services
• Convenience/Proximity (distance and access to
services)
• Primate City: a large city, dominating the country
– Usually more than twice the next largest city
• Often, dominant economic, political and cultural center
• Jobs, services, convenience  migration
• These are often megacities, and may dominate regions
Models:
– Technical (ex: Thebes-Nile River, Mesopotamia)
• Irrigation: make canals, surplus crops drive pop. growth
– Religious (ex: Aztecs)
• Religious activities bring people together.
– Political (ex: London)
– Trade (Silk Road cities)
– War (every city with a fort, shield wall or barrier: Paris,)
– Multiple factors:
• Technology, religion, politics, war, agriculture, and
trade
How does urban structure affect quality of life?
The way that an urban area is structured is extremely
important as it affects the three quality of life environments
(built, social and economic):
BUILT – housing tenure, location, access to services, etc.
SOCIAL – education, health, friends, leisure pursuits, etc.
ECONOMIC – housing and transport costs, job location, etc.
Three Models of Urban Structure
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Created to help explain where different
types of people tend to live in an urban area
All three were created using Chicago as the
model
1. Concentric Zone Model
2. Sector Model
3. Multiple Nuclei Model
Concentric Zone Model
Ernest Burgess, 1920’s :Created 1923– Sociologist E. W. Burgess
City of Chicago
Burgess suggested that towns grew outward from the centre in
a concentric pattern. This means that buildings become more
recent closer to the edge of a city. It is possible that up to 5
rings may develop:
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social
groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
5 zones
1. CBD – central business district
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Innermost ring- concentration of non-residential
activities
2. Zone in Transition
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Industry and poorer-quality housing
Often subdivided apartment houses
Often filled by immigrants
3. Zone of Working Class Homes
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Modest older houses occupied by stable families
4. Zone of Middle Class Homes
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Newer and more spacious homes
5. Commuter’s Zone
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Area of people who don’t live in city where they work
Concentric Zone Model- Burgess
Concentric Zone Model:
Considerations
Considered a product of its time, circa 1950
Developed for American cities and not easily applied
elsewhere
Developed when people used public transit and can’t be
applied to the highway cities of today
Sector Model
Homer Hoyt, 1939
City of Chicago
Transport had a direct impact
on land uses
Cities grow along an axis, thus
6 the sector model
Sector Model
Zone 1:
•CBD
•Land is expensive
•Little space, competition is high,
congestion is high
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Zone 2:
•Zone of Transition
•Old industries located here
•State of constant change due to growth of
Zone 1
Sector Model
Zone 3:
•Zone of Transition
•A.k.a old inner city areas
•Low class residential housing
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Zone 4:
•Council Estates
•Semi-detached housing
•Garden areas
•Medium-class residential
Sector Model
Zone 5:
•Commuter Zone
•Private, high class, top quality housing
•Much commuting into CBD
Zone 6:
•Countryside areas
•Pleasant, rural surroundings
•Satellite villages and towns
Multi-Nuclei Theory
Harris and Ullman
Separate nucli or CBD’s in the urban
pattern, not just one
Centrifugal forces determine land use,
ie residential repels industrial
High rent vs low rent
Multi-Nuclei Theory
Zone 1
•CBD
Zone 2
•Zone of Transition
Zone 3
•Residential Low Class
Zone 4
•Residential Middle Class
Multi-Nuclei Theory
Zone 5
•Residential Upper Class
Zone 6
•Industry and Heavy Manufacturing
Zone 7
•Mini CBD
Zone 8
•Residential Suburb
Homer Hoyt, 1939
• Some criticisms of Burgess model
• Actual US cities have more variation
– Poor along rail lines
– Commercial uses along major streets
• Sector Model
– Wedge-shaped pattern
Harris & Ullman, 1945
• Cities can have more than
one center or nucleus
• Suburbs are becoming parts
of city
• Areas grouped by function